Difference between revisions of "S-61R Pelican"

Revision as of 02:45, 12 June 2020

The S-61R is a twin engine helicopter used for transport and search-and-rescue roles.

Contents:

1 Limits

1.1 General

1.1.1 Purpose

This chapter identifies the operating limitations that should be observed by the flight crew during operation of this helicopter.

1.1.2 Minimum Crew

The minimum crew required to operate this helicopter is two pilots and a flight engineer. However, in the event the two other avatars cannot be located, a waiver for single-pilot flight is granted.

1.2 System Limits

1.2.1 Instrument Markings

All instrument markings should be observed while flying this helicopter.

Lower Red Radial - The red radial having the lowest numerical value on an instrument indicates that a dangerous condition would exist if the pointer should drop to or below that value during flight.
Yellow Arc or Radial - A yellow arc or radial indicates that danger may exist under certain specified conditions. Operation in these regions may only be carried out in accordance with the limitations prescribed in this manual.
Green Arc - A green arc indicates the region for continuous inflight operation.
Upper Red Radial - The red radial having the highest numerical value on an instrument indicates that a dangerous condition would exist if the pointer should reach this value and that operation above this point is prohibited.

1.2.2 Rotor Limits

Rotor speed should be between 91 percent and 112 percent in normal operation. Rotor speed excursions above 115 percent require a tear-down inspection of the rotor system.

1.3 Loading Limits

1.3.1 Center-of-Gravity Limitations

See Fig. 6-1 for center-of-gravity limitations with respect to gross weight.

1.3.2 Maximum Gross Weight

The maximum gross weight is 22,050 pounds.

1.3.3 Cargo Hook Limitations

Maximum weight for external cargo is 8,000 pounds.

1.4 AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS

1.4.1 Maximum forward speed

Maximum airspeed at design gross weight of 19500 pounds, for sea level, standard day conditions, is 142 knots IAS. Maximum airspeed at maximum gross weight of 22050 pounds for sea level, standard day conditions is 138 knots.
With an external load, the maximum forward airspeed is 120 knots.
Maximum speed while operating the windshield wipers is 130 knots.
Maximum Speed while operating the aft ramp is 115 knots.
Maximum Speed while operating the personnel door is 115 knots.

1.4.2 Other Speed Limitations

Maximum airspeed in sideward flight is 35 knots. Maximum airspeed in rearward flight is 30 knots. Maximum crosswind or tailwind in a hover is 45 knots.

1.5 MANEUVERING LIMITS

1.5.1 Aerobatics

Acrobatic maneuvers are prohibited with this helicopter.

1.5.2 Bank Limitations

Bank angles are limited to 45 degrees.

1.5.3 Landing Limitations

The maximum rate of descent at touchdown for gross weights up to 19,500 pounds is 480 feet/min.
The maximum rate of descent at touchdown for gross weights above 19,500 pounds is 360 feet/min.
The maximum groundspeed for running landings is 60 knots.
The maxmum nose-up attiude for landings is 20 degrees.

1.6 Servicing

1.6.1 Fuel

1.6.1.1 Fuel Types

Usage	Fuel Type	Restrictions
Normal	JP-5	Unlimited Use
Normal	Jet-A/Jet-A1	Unlimited Use
Emergency	100LL	Limited to 2 Hours Total Flight time. Tear Down Inspection of Engines and Fuel System required after any use.

1.6.1.2 Fuel Capacities

Tank	Capacity	Feeds
Forward Tank	348 gal.	Feeds #1 engine
Aft Tank	345 gal.	Feeds #2 engine
Forward Aux Tank	184 gal.	Feeds Forward and Aft tanks
Aft Aux Tank	245 gal.	Feeds Aft Tank

1.6.2 Fluid Types

Only genuine Shergood oil and hydraulic fluid products should be used in servicing this helicopter.

1.6.3 Fluid Capacities

Fluid	Capacity
Engine #1 Oil	10 qt.
Engine #2 Oil	10 qt.
Main Transmission	44 qt.
Intermediate Gear box	0.8 qt.
T/R Transmission	1.6 qt.
Primary Servo Hydraulic	1.8 qt.
Auxiliary Servo Hydraulic	1.8 qt.
Utility Hydraulic	5.04 qt.

2 Weight and Balance

2.1 General

The helicopter must be flown within the weight and CG (Center of Gravity) limits as specified in this section. Failure to adhere to these limitations will result in unpredictable performance. CG is measured in inches aft of the datum plane. The datum plane is located at the forward most point at the tip of the pitot tubes.

2.2 WEIGHT AND CG LIMITS

The weight and extreme CG limits for this aircraft are:

Item	Limit
Max Gross Weight:	22,050 lb
Max Forward CG:	235 inches
Max Aft CG:	251 inches

Not withstanding the maxmimum limits shown above, the helicopter should only be operated within the weight vs CG envelope shown in .

2.3 EMPTY WEIGHT AND CG

The empty weight and CG of this aircraft are:

Item	Limit
Empty Weight:	13,341lb
Empty Aircraft CG:	240.8in
Empty Moment:	3.21 M-lb-in

2.4 CG ARM DATA

The following arm data can be used to calculate moment at each of these stations.

Item	Limit
Pilot/Co-Pilot	73 in (1.85 m)
Winch	136 in (3.46 m)
RDF Operator	145 in (3.68 m)
Hoist Operator	150 in (3.82 m)
Utility Seat #1	243 in (6.17 m)
Fuel	262 in (6.67 m)
Hook	264 in (6.72 m)
Utility Seat #2	269 in (6.83 m)
Utility Seat #3	295 in (7.50 m)
Utility Seat #4	320 in (8.12 m)
Litter/Stokes Basket	345 (8.78 m)
Ramp	458 (11.63 m)

2.5 WEIGHT AND CG CALCULATION

Total weight is calculated by adding total weight of empty aircraft, fuel, passengers and baggage. Fuel weight can be calculated assuming 7 pounds per gallon of (Jet-A) fuel. The CG is obtained by dividing total moment by total weight. Moment at each station is obtained by multiplying the arm of that station by the weight at that station. Total moment is obtained by adding moment for each station and the moment for the empty aircraft.

3 Normal Procedures

3.1 General

This section describes the procedures necessary to safely and efficiently operate your aircraft. A basic understanding of helicopter flight techniques is assumed.

3.2 Preflight Procedures

3.2.1 Exterior Checks - Right Side

Covers – REMOVED
Engine compartment (right)

#2 Engine – CHECK
Oil Level - CHECK

Main Rotor Blades – CHECK
Landing Gear – CHECK
Check #2 fuel filter drain – VERIFY CLEAR
Right transmission compartment

Air Bottle– 3000 psi min.
APU Accumulator – 3000 psi min.
Primary Hyd. Pump – CHECK
Auxiliary Hyd. Pump – CHECK
Utility Hyd. Pump – CHECK
Utility Hyd. Reservoir – CHECK LEVEL
#2 Fire Extinguisher – 1000 psi min.

3.2.2 Exterior Checks - Tail

Intermediate Gearbox

Check Condition
Check Fluid Level
Check Cover Secure

Tail Rotor Gearbox

Check Condition
Check Fluid Level
Check Cover Secure

Tail Rotor Blades – CHECK

3.2.3 Exterior Checks - Left Side

APU Compartment

APU - CHECK
APU Oil Level – CHECK
APU Fire Extinguisher – 1000 psi min.

Left Transmission Compartment

Main transmission - CHECK
Transmission fluid level– CHECK
#1 Generator – CHECK
#2 Generator – CHECK
Primary Hyd. Reservoir – CHECK LEVEL
Auxiliary Hyd. Reservoir – CHECK LEVEL
#1 Fire Extinguisher – 1000 psi min.

Left Engine Compartment

#1 Engine – CHECK
Oil Level – CHECK

Check #1 fuel filter drain – VERIFY CLEAR
Check all 6 fuel sumps – VERIFY CLEAR

3.2.4 Exterior Checks - Nose

Battery - CHECK

3.2.5 Interior Checks - Main Cabin

ELT - ARMED
Bilge Pump

Deploy
Pump to check for water
Stow

Emergency Ramp Release – CHECK UP
Emergency Lights – CHECK

3.3 Start Procedures

3.3.1 Before Starting Engines

Overhead switch panel - CHECKED

Position light dim switch - AS REQUIRED
Position light switch - AS REQUIRED
AFT anti-collision - AS REQUIRED
FWD anti-collision - AS REQUIRED
Fuselage lighting - AS REQUIRED
Anchor lights - AS REQUIRED
Search light - AS REQUIRED
Windshield anti-ice - AS REQUIRED
Engine anti-ice switches - OFF
Cabin healer vent switch - AS REQUIRED
Cabin healer switch - AS REQUIRED
Pitot heat switch - AS REQUIRED
Windshield wiper switch - OFF
Lower console red lights - AS REQUIRED
Landing light switch - AS REQUIRED
Emergency exit lights switch - ARM
Console light rheostats - AS REQUIRED
Nose gear switch - AS REQUIRED
Hoist master – OFF
Channel monitor - OFF
Cargo hook switch - SAFE
Stick trim master switch - ON
Monitor switch - OFF
Converter switches - ON
External power switch - OFF (ON if external power is being used)
Note: With external power on an energized, the external power advisory light will illuminate and all AC and DC busses will be energized
Battery switch - ON
Generator switches - ON
Start mode switch - NORMAL
Fire emergency shut off selector handles IN.
Engine fire extinguisher switch - OFF
Hoist cable shear switch – OFF
Ignition switches – NORM

Engine controls – CHECKED

Speed selectors - Check freedom of movement, full range and closed.
Emergency fuel control levers - Check close position stops, freedom of movement, full range, and closed

APU fire detection – TEST

Hold the fire warning test switch In the No. 2 ENGINE and APU position. The fire warning light on the APU control panel should illuminate.

Ramp master switch – OFF
APU – START

APU fire extinguisher switch – OFF
APU fuel shutoff switch – NORM
APU function switch - RUN

Exhaust temperature caution light ON.
Low oil pressure caution light - ON.

APU function switch – hold in START

At 30% speed – APU light on
At 45% speed – RELEASE function switch
At 75% speed – Clutch engagement

Caution-advisory panel – CHECKED

Verify the following lights OFF: #1 GEN, #2 GEN, #1 CONV, #2 CONV, PRI HYD PRESS, AUX HYD PRESS, XMSN CHIP MAIN, XMSN OIL PRESS.

If any of these lights are on, shut down APU and investigate cause. If external power used, direct disconnect now and verify EXT PWR goes out.

Caution-advisory lights – TEST
Advisory light brightness – AS DESIRED

Hydraulic/transmission gauges – CHECKED
AFCS Channel Monitor – AS FOLLOWS

METER selector – ASE
Vertical gyro – PORT
Hardover switches – CENTERED
Channel switches - ON

Parking brake – SET
Nose wheel lock – AS REQUIRED
Alternate gear handle – IN
Center console – CHECKED

COM and NAV radius – AS DESIRED
Ramp – AS DESIRED
Ramp caution lights - CHECKED

Landing gear panel – CHECKED

Gear handle – DOWN
Gear warning light – TEST
Gear position lights – CHECKED

Fuel Management Panel – CHECKED

Fuel quantity gauges - CHECK AND TEST
Boost pumps – TEST AS FOLLOWS
1. #1 FWD boost - ON then OFF
2. Repeat for all other boost pumps
Crossfeed– TEST AS FOLLOWS

Fuel shut off valve switches - OPEN
#1 FWD boost - ON
Verify - #1 LOW PR out, #2 LOW PR lit
Crossfeed – ON
Verify – both LOW PR lights out
#1 FWD boost - OFF
#1 AFT boost - ON
Verify – both LOW PR lights out
Crossfeed – OFF
Verify - #1 LOW PR lit, #2 LOW PR out
#1 AFT boost - OFF

Crossfeed and Transfer - AS DESIRED
All boost pumps - OFF
Fuel shut off valve switches - OPEN

Engine fire detection - TEST

Fire Warn Test - #1 (verify master fire and #1 engine T-handle warning lights lit)
Repeat for #2 engine
Fire Warn Test - OFF

Rotor brake – ON
Flight controls – CHECKED

Servo switch (on collective) – BOTH
Verify – PRI and AUX HYD PRESS off
Cyclic/Pedals – CHECK FREE MOVEMENT
Collective – CHECK FREE MOVEMENT (low RPM warning horn should sound)
Servo switch (on collective) – PRI OFF
Verify – PRI HYD PRESS lit
Controls – CHECK FREE MOVEMENT
Servo switch (on collective) – AUX OFF
Verify – AUX HYD PRESS lit
Controls – CHECK FREE MOVEMENT
Servo switch (on collective) – BOTH

Doppler – ON
AFCS Power – ON

3.3.2 Engine Start

CAUTION: For engine starting with inoperative APU, refer to START WITH APU INOPERATIVE in EMERGENCY PROCEDURES section.

Fireguard – POSTED
Start Mode - NORMAL
No.1 Engine – START

Speed Selector – Verify OFF
Emergency Fuel Control – Verify CLOSED
Magnetic Compass – Note Heading
Starter switch – START
N1 – Wait until above 19%
Speed Selector – GRD IDLE
Verify – N1 at 56%, oil temp/press in green
Verify – Starter motor shutdown (Magnetic compass returns to original heading)
Boost pump – ON (#1 or #2)

No.2 Engine – START

Repeat Eng. 1 procedures

Area Clear – CHECK
Rotor – ENGAGE

No. 2 speed selector – Advance by 5%
Rotor Brake – RELEASE
No. 2 speed selector – Advance to 98%

Cyclic response – CHECK
APU – OFF
Engine/Transmission Gages – CHECKED
Speed Selectors – MATCH at 103%

3.4 Before Takeoff

Ramp Position – AS DESIRED
Nose Wheel Lock – UNLOCKED
AFCS – AS REQUIRED
Parking Brake – OFF (verify warn light out)
Heat and anti-ice – AS REQUIRED

Engine Anti-Ice – AS REQUIRED
Windshield Anti-Ice – AS REQUIRED
Pitot Heat – AS REQUIRED
Cabin Heat – AS REQUIRED

Lights – AS REQUIRED

Anti-Collision – ON
Hover Lights – CHECK
Position Lights – ON FOR NIGHT FLIGHT

Flight Instruments – CHECKED
Engine No. 1 – CHECK

Collective – FULL DOWN
No. 2 Speed Selector – IDLE
No. 1 Speed Selector – FULL

Note max N2

No. 1 Speed Selector – IDLE

Verify rotor freewheeling

Engine No. 2 – CHECK

Collective – FULL DOWN
No. 1 Speed Selector – IDLE
No. 2 Speed Selector – FULL

Note max N2

No. 2 Speed Selector – IDLE

Verify Rotor Freewheeling

Caution-Advisory Lights – CHECKED
Speed Selectors – 103%
RAWS – ON
Shoulder Harness – LOCKED
Passengers and Crew - ALERTED

3.5 Cruise Checks

Engine Instruments – CHECK
Transmission Instruments - CHECK
Landing Gear – UP (above 100 feet)

3.6 Pre-Landing Checks

Passengers and Crew – ALERT
Heater – AS REQUIRED (OFF for descent to allow cooling time)
FWD Boost Pump – ON (#1 or #2)
AFT Boost Pump – ON (#1 or #2)
Parking Brake – AS REQUIRED
Nose Wheel Lock – AS REQUIRED (Unlocked for normal landing to prevent shear damage)
Landing gear – AS REQUIRED (DOWN for land, UP for water)
Speed Selectors – MIN 103%

3.7 After Landing

Speed Selectors – 103%
Ignition switches – OFF
Fuel Boost Pumps – OFF
RAWS – OFF

3.8 Shutdown Procedures

Parking brake – SET
AFCS – DISCONNECT
Emergency Exit Switch – DISARM
Speed Selectors – IDLE
Engine Cooling – 1 min. at Idle, In ground taxi, or with collective full down
Speed Selectors – SHUT OFF
Rotor Brake – ON (below 45% Nr)
Electrical switches – CHECKED

Start Mode – NORMAL
Cargo Hook – SAFE
Cabin Heater Vent - NORM
The Following Switches OFF: AFCS, APU, Position, Anti-Collision, Fuselage, Anchor, Search, Windshield Anti-Ice, Engine Anti-Ice, Cabin Heater, Pitot Heat, Wiper, Washer, Lower Console Red Lights, Console Lights, Hoist Master, Stick Trim Master, Channel Monitor, Converters, External Power, Battery, Generators

4 Emergency Procedures

4.1 Engine Failure

4.1.1 Emergency Engine Shutdown

Speed Selector – SHUT-OFF
Fuel Valve - CLOSED
Boost Pumps and Crossfeed – CLOSED

4.1.2 Engine Restart in Flight

A failed engine should not be restarted unless it can be determined that it is safe to do so.

Ignition Switch - NORMAL
Fire emergency shutoff selector handle - IN
Speed selector (inop. engine) – SHUT-OFF
Emergency fuel control lever - CLOSED.
Fuel shut-off valve switch - OPEN.
Crossfeed valve switch - AS REQUIRED.
Boost pump switches - ON.
Starter button – PRESS (until > 19% N1).
Speed selector - GRD IDLE.
Engine instruments – CHECKED

While the engine is accelerating, check N1, TIT, Fuel Levels, N2, oil temp/press.

Speed Selectors – MATCH TORQUES

4.2 Single Engine Operation

4.2.1 To Continue Flight

Speed Selector – 110%
Collective Pitch – Climb at 150-200 fpm to safe autorotation height. Monitor RPM
Engine Restart – ACCOMPLISH (if possible)
Engine Shutdown – ACCOMPLISH (if restart is not possible)
Land – AS SOON AS PRACTICAL

4.2.2 Single Engine Landing

Speed Selector – 110%
Approach Speed – 70 Knots
At 150 feet AGL, reduce speed and rate of descent.
Collective – Increase slightly to cushion the landing.
Ground Contact – Slightly nose high, gently reduce collective and apply forward cyclic.

4.2.3 Single Engine Water Takeoff

Off-load fuel, equipment and passengers as required.
Fuel Dump Values – CLOSED
Speed Selector – 110%
Emerg. Fuel Lever - CLOSED
Cyclic – Forward to maximum water taxi speed
Collective – Raise for takeoff. Monitor RPM
Climb - Establish

4.3 Fire (Engine/APU)

4.3.1 Engine Fire

Speed Selector (affected eng.) – SHUT-OFF
Fire Shutoff Handle – PULL
Fire Extinguisher – MAIN (RESERVE if necessary)
Boost Pumps (affected eng.) – OFF
Crew – ALERTED

4.3.2 APU Fire

APU Fuel Shutoff – SHUTOFF
APU Fire Ext. – FIRE EXT.
APU Master – OFF

4.4 Landing Gear Failure

4.4.1 Failure to Retract

Landing Gear Lever – DOWN
Gear down and locked – CONFIRM
Land – AS SOON AS PRACTICAL

4.4.2 Failure to Extend

Landing Gear Lever – DOWN
Alt. Gear Lever – PULL
Gear down and locked – CONFIRM
Land – AS SOON AS PRACTICAL

4.4.3 Failure to Lock

If gear fail to indicate down and locked, land with minimum vertical and horizontal airspeed.

Note: Do not attempt to actuate gear until repairs have been made.

4.5 Emergency Start

4.5.1 Battery Start Procedures

Rotor Brake – OFF
Battery – OFF
Accomplish all items in BEFORE STARTING ENGINE section as possible without turning on battery power.
Start Mode – MANUAL
Battery – ON
No. 1 Engine – START
1. Speed Selector – SHUT-OFF
2. Start Switch – PRESS
3. Wait – Min. 10 sec. and N1 above 19%
4. Speed Selector – IDLE then slowly increase to 45% N1
5. Starter – ABORT (disengage starter)
All Gages – CHECKED
Speed Selector – Increase slowly with minimum torque to 103%.
Start Mode – NORMAL
No. 2 Engine – Start using normal procedures

4.5.2 Start with Emergency Fuel Levers

This procedure should be avoided except when absolutely necessary to complete mission.

Start Procedures – As normal up through advancing speed control to IDLE
Emerg. Fuel Lever – Advance slowly to accelerate N1 to 56%.
Emerg. Fuel Lever – Close slowly
If engine continues to run at 56%, follow normal procedures.

4.6 Flight with Emergency Fuel Levers

The Emergency Fuel Levers (EFL) bypass normal fuel meter to control fuel flow directly.
If using EFLs due to fuel controller failure, control will only be possible above the valve position at the time of the controller failure.
Collective changes must be made very slowly with reference to N2 for the affected engine to avoid rotor stall, or engine overspeed.
Increases in collective will require increases on the EFL. Decreases in collective will require decreases in the EFL.

5 Servicing

5.1 General

This section describes the servicing model for your S61R. Servicing included normal servicing such as topping off of fluids, and refueling the aircraft, and

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 # [[S-61R_Pelican/Appendices|Appendices ]]
 # [[S-61R_Pelican/Painting_Resources|Painting Resources]]
-== Avionics ==
-=== GPS/Navigation Systems ===
-[[File:S61-GPS-Main.png|thumb|right|
-<figure id="fig:gps"><caption>GPS Panel</caption></figure>
-]]
-==== Introduction ====
-The KG-9800 navigation system is comprised of: a main control panel; pilot and co-pilot side HSI; and pilot and co-pilot side marker beacons. The main control panel allows you to enter a sequence of waypoints that are then flown using the HSI. The marker beacons are used when flying ILS approaches to indicate waypoint passage in the approach. Up to twenty waypoints may be entered, including an approach at the destination.
-==== GPS Main Panel ====
-The main GPS panel is located on the slant panel between the seats. It is shown in <xr id="fig:gps" />. It consists of a 4-line display, line selector buttons to the left of the display, scroll buttons to the right of the display, a row of function buttons below the display, and an alpha-numeric keypad on the bottom portion of the unit.
-The primary function keys are:
-{| class=wikitable
-!Button
-!Description
-|-
-|https://www.shergoodaviation.com/aircraft/ch47/img/gbOnOff.png||Turns unit ON or OFF.
-|-
-|https://www.shergoodaviation.com/aircraft/ch47/img/gbNew.png||	Discards current flight plan. Will prompt for Y/N to confirm.
-|-
-|https://www.shergoodaviation.com/aircraft/ch47/img/gbIns.png||Insert new waypoint.
-|-
-|https://www.shergoodaviation.com/aircraft/ch47/img/gbDirectTo.png||Go direct to next waypoint.
-|-
-|https://www.shergoodaviation.com/aircraft/ch47/img/gbClr.png||Clear last character or waypoint.
-|-
-|https://www.shergoodaviation.com/aircraft/ch47/img/gbEnt.png||End entry of a waypoint.
-|}
-===== Main Display =====
-When a flight plan has been entered (see ), the display will show the list of waypoints and distances in kilometers. One kilometer is 4 sims. The distances are segment distance from the previous waypoint to the next waypoint. In the case of the first waypoint, it is the distance from the start point of the segment to the next waypoint. Note this will not update in flight and you should look the the HSI display for the current distance to the waypoint. The up/down arrows to the right of the display can be used to scroll through the waypoints you have entered.
-Optionally, the last "waypoint" can be an approach for the airport listed above it. When an approach has been entered, the distance to the airport line is the distance to the IAF (initial approach fix) for the selected approach, and the distance listed on the approach line is the distance from the IAF to the MAP (Missed Approach Point).
-The distance will be displayed as "???" when there is an unknown waypoint, or while the GPS unit is querying the Shergood server for waypoint positions. It will normally display "???" for the next waypoint while entering the waypoint above.
-When there no waypoints have been entered, "ADD?" will be shown on the first line in the display.
-===== Entering Waypoints =====
-To enter a waypoint, you can use the https://www.shergoodaviation.com/aircraft/ch47/img/gbArrow.png button to enter at a specific point, or the https://www.shergoodaviation.com/aircraft/ch47/img/gbIns.png button to insert a new waypoint at the end of the current plan. Pressing either of these keys will put you in waypoint entry mode (see ). When in entry mode, a cursor will be displayed after the selected waypoint. You can enter any airport or waypoint from the Shergood Map System. Once you are done entering a waypoint press the  button to exit entry mode.
-===== Editing and Deleting Waypoints =====
-To edit a waypoint, press the  button next to it. You will go back into waypoint edit mode and can type additional letters, or use the  to delete letters. If you press the  button after deleting all letters in a waypoint, the line itself will be deleted and you will exit waypoint edit mode.
-You can also press the XX button while editing a waypoint. This will move the current waypoint down a line, and insert a new waypoint at the current position.
-===== Clearing All Waypoints =====
-Press the  button to delete the current flight plan. It will prompt you to confirm with a Y or N. If you press any key other than Y, the operation will be cancled.
-==== GPS Chat Commands ====
-Chat commands are available as listed below for the various gps commands described in this section:
-Command	Description
-gps ln name	Enter waypoint name on line n
-gps ln ins name	Insert waypoint name at line n
-gps del ln	Delete waypoint on line n
-gps ins name	Insert waypoint name at end of plan.
-gps up	Scroll waypoints up
-gps down	Scroll waypoints down
-gps top	Scroll to top of waypoints
-gps bottom	Scroll to bottom of waypoints
-gps new	Delete all waypoints
-gps direct	Go direct to next waypoint
-gps save [label]	Save the current route to server
-gps load spec	Load a route from server
-==== Saving and Loading Routes ====
-Route entered on the GPS can be saved/loaded to/from the Shergood Radar System. Routes can be created, edited and shared between the Chinook's GPS unit and the route planner on the web site.
-===== Saving Routes =====
-Routes are saved by typing:
-gps save
-in local chat. If there is a waypoint (or airport) on the current region, that region will be prepended to the plan as a start location when saving. If there current region is not an airport or waypoint, then the path will be saved as entered. An optiona label may also be specified using the syntax:
-gps save label
-This will save a labeled route. Labeled routes give you the ability to save multiple routes between two points and use the label select the desired route.
-===== Loading Routes =====
-Routes are loaded using the command:
-gps load [origin>]destination[.approach][/label]
-Most parts of the command are optional except the destination. In its most basic form you can use a command like:
-gps load SLHA
-This would load any stored route from the current location to SLHA. There there are no saved routes to SLHA from the current sim, the system will look for routes with starting locations up to 2 sims away.
-When a starting location is given as in:
-gps load SLKA>SLHA
-Then the system will load a route from SLKA to SLHA regardless of the current location. In this case, the GPS will first navigate to SLKA from the current location followed by the loaded route.
-An approach can optionally be specified as in:
-gps load SLHA.H1
-The specified approach acts an override for any approach.
-Labels are specified at the end after a slash(/):
-gps load SLHA/plan9
-Labels are used when you have more than one path stored for a given origin/destination pair.
-==== HSI (Horizontal Situation Indicator) ====
-Navigation information is displayed on the HSI (Horizontal Situation Indicator) shown in . To enable use of the GPS through the HSI, press the GPS button in the lower left corner to enable GPS mode. The HSI is comprised of:
-Rotating compass card showing the current heading
-Course indicator showing the current course overlayed on the compass card as a white "+" symbol. In GPS mode, this is the GPS course for the current segment, when GPS mode is disabled it acts as a maually adjustable heading bug.
-CDI (Course Deviation Indicator) in the center part of the HSI. Deflects to left or right to show the amount of deviation from the course.
-Course heading display showing the current course as a numeric compass heading.
-Range display showing the distance in kilometers to the next waypoint.
-Course Adjustment Knob to adjust the course indictor when not in GPS mode. Click and hold on the knob to move the indicator.
-Glideslope Indicator shows your veritcal position relative to the glideslope. The glideslope indicator is usually hidden, but pops in from the sides when approach mode is activated.
-==== Flying a Course ====
-A route is a sequence of waypoints from a starting location to a destination. The lines between waypoints are segments, and the segment currently being flown is the current segement. Consider the example in  with a route starting at ITAWT, passing through ITAWA, and ending at PUDYE. In this case, the segment between ITAWA and PUDYE is the current segement, or "track".
-The GPS system in the Chinook is designed for flying tracks. In the example above, the track from ITAWA toa PUDYE is on a 89 degree heading, so the track indicator on the HSI shows (Fig. 3-6) an approximately East heading. Note that the track indicator shows an 89 degree course independent of the actual heading of the aircraft (shown by the reference mark at the top of the HSI).
-The CDI (Course Deviation Indicator), the white line in the center of the HSI, will deflect left or right to indicate the position of the aircraft relative to the current track. The CDI indication in Fig.3-6 a-c correspond to the aircaft positions (a), (b) and (c) in Fig 3-5. (a) is aicraft that is slightly right of course, turned toward the course to correct. (b) is an aircraft that is on the course and with the course heading. (c) is an aircraft that is significantly right of course, also turned to intercept the course.
-(a) Left Of Course
-(b) On Course
-(c) Right of Course
-Enroute CDI Indications
-When the HSI is in enroute mode, the amount of deflection corresponds to the distance from track. One dot on the CDI corresponds to 50m off course, with full deflection of two dots at 100m. These correspond to the dashed lines shown in Fig. 3-5.
-When correcting for a course deviation, you should turn the aircraft toward the CDI with the amount of correction corresponding to the amount of deflection. As you converge on the track, the CDI will move to the center and you should gradually decrease the amount of correction. In general, your correction should not be more than 30 degrees to avoid overshooting the track.
-In some cases, when you are significantly off course, it may be desirable to reset the "start" coordinate of track. You can do this by pressing the
-button on the GPS. This will reset the current track to start at the current location and center the CDI.
-Leading Turn on Waypoint Passage
-Waypoint Passage
-While flying a multi-waypoint path, the GPS uses a set of rules to determine when you have "passed" a waypoint and it is time to turn to the next waypoint. In general, the GPS will attempt to "lead" turns, triggering passage before arriving at the waypoint as shown in . Once waypoint passage has been triggered, the HSI will how the heading and CDI indication for the next leg. The distance by a which a turn is lead is based on your current airspeed and the angle of the turn. The lead distance is chosen so that a 20 degree banked turn will approximately roll out on the next leg.
-There are a few exceptions to the general rule of leading turns. These are:
-The turn is less than 30 degrees, or more than 150 degrees.
-The next leg is too short to complete the turn before the following waypoint.
-If either of these conditions are met, waypoint passing will instead be tiggered when passing through a plane perpendicular to the line from the previous waypoint to the next waypoint.
-==== Flying an Approach ====
-An approach is a procedure for transitioning by use of instruments between the enroute component of flight to a position from which a landing can be made. The Chinook supports ILS approaches with both horizontal and vertical guidance with a recomended approach speed of 60 knots.  shows a typical ILS approach in the Shergood navigation system. The top part of the figure shows the horizontal component (called the localizer), while the lower portion shows the vertical component (called the glideslope).
-An standard approach is comprised of the following four fixes:
-IAF (Initial Approach Fix) - This is the entry point to the approach. Between this point and the FAF, the primary task is to get the aircraft established horizontally on the inbound course. The IAF should be entered at a target altitude as published on the approach plate (see Section 3.1.11) for the approach.
-FAF (Final Approach Fix) - This is the point at which the aircraft intercepts the glideslope and begins the descent. By this point, the aircraft should be established on the inbound course (localizer) and intercept the glideslope from below.
-MAP (Missed Approach Point) - This is the termination of the instrument portion of the approach. At this point the pilot should determine if a landing can safely be made, or if they should initiate a missed approach or go-around.
-TDZ (Touch Down Zone) - This is the projected point on runway where the aircraft should touch down if they followed localizer and glideslope all the way to the ground.
-When shooting an approach, the CDI switches from being distance-based to angle-based. This switch occurs when the aircraft passes the IAF. During the approach, each dot on the CDI represents an angular deflection of 1.75 degrees as shown by the dotted lines in the upper half of Fig. 3-7. The key effect of this is that the CDI becomes progressively more sensitive as the pilot approaches the MAP. Course corrections should be minimal during the later portion of the approach.
-Glideslope Intercept at FAF (Outer Marker)
-Approach mode is indicated by the appearance of the glideslope indicators on the sides of the HSI as shown in . Like the CDI, the the glideslope has a center position and up to two dots of deflection representing the number of degrees above or below the glideslope. Also like the CDI, the glideslope also becomes progressively more sensitive toward the end of the approach.
-At the IAF, the glideslope will typically be fully deflected up and gradually come down to the center as the aircraft approachs the FAF.  shows the HSI at the FAF at the point of glideslope intercept (slightly high).
-Also of note are the three lights labeled "O", "M" and "I" below the HSI. These are the marker beacons. The letters correspond to the outer, middle and inner markers, respectively. When passing a marker on an active approach, the corresponding marker beacon light will flash and an intermittent tone will sound. The Outer Marker is at the FAF, the Middle Marker is at the MAP and the Inner Marker is at the TDZ.
-==== Procedure Turns ====
-Sometimes, a pilot may elect to fly a procedure turn when entering an apporach to get better oriented for it. This may be preferable to attempting to make a sharp turn the IAF. For example, consider the situation shown in  where a pilot is approaching the IAF from STONE. This would require a greater than 90 degree turn to the localizer inbound course. It may be difficult to get established on the localizer before reaching the FAF in such cases.
-The alternative to the sharp turn is to conduct a procedure turn. A procedure turn is comprised of the following steps:
-Instead of making an inbound turn at the IAF, make an outbound turn flying the opposite direction of the localizer. The heading bug will be at the bottom of the HSI, but the CDI may be intrepteted normally while the pilot gets estalished on the localizer outbound.
-Once established outbound, make a 30 degree left turn.
-Hold the 30 degree heading for approximately 30 seconds.
-Make a 180 degree right turn
-Reintercept the localizer inbound, then fly the apporach normally.
-==== Approach Plates ====
-Approach plates are one page summaries of the approach procedures for a particular airport and runway.  shows an example of an approach plate for the RW27 approach at White Star Airport (SLWS). An approach plate is divided into the following three sections:
-Data Section - The data section, located in the top part of the apporach plate, lists the name of the airport and approach, the inbound course heading, the runway length, elevations of the airport and the touch down zone for the runway, and the tower and/or CTAF frequency for the airport.
-Plan View - The plan view is the main part of the approach plate, showing an overhead view of the approach. The plan view shows the runway, the inbound course, and the location of the key waypoints of the approach (IAF, FAF and MAP). The approach course is overlaid in the sim names in a 6x5 grid of sims.
-Profile View - The profile view is essentially a side view of the approach showing the descent to the missed approach point. The same three approach waypoints of the plan view are shown from the side. In the profile view, the target altitude of those points are shown in both feet above SL sea level and in SL meters. Note that since SL sea level is generally at 20m, the hight in feet does not directly corespond to the hight in meters shown on the plate.
-Refering to the RW27 approach of , the procedure would be to fly to the IAF, establishing an entry altitude of 410 feet (145m). At the IAF, the pilot would then either turn to the inbound course, or use a procedure turn to get established on inbound with a heading of 270. The pilot should expect to intercept the glidesope at the FAF 256m past the IAF and begin a descent to 91 feet (41m). Upon reaching the MAP, the pilot can either choose to land, or to go around to attempt the apporach again if they are not in a good position to land.
-Shergood aviation provides a complete set of apporach plates for most SL airports in the Shergood Approach Plate Repository.
-==== AFCS Coupled Navigation ====
-The GPS can be used in conjunction with the AFCS to perform coupled navigation and approaches. In order to fly a coupled approach, you must have HDG, IAS, and BARO ALT hold modes active. You must also have the HSI in GPS mode.
-The following procedure can be used to perform a coupled flight from the ground at the originating airport to a destination airport:
-Enter route including approach in the GPS
-Activate hover mode on the AFCS
-Type "ap alt 800" (or other cruise altitude)
-When aircarft picks off ground enable GPS mode on HSI
-Type "ap ias 100" (or other speed) to set cruise speed of 100 knots.
-About 1km before IAF at destination:
-Type "ap ias 60" to reduce to approach speed
-Type "ap alt N" where N is the approach entry altitude from the approach plate.
-The approach and landing will proceed automatically terminating in a hover over the runway.
-Keep in mind, the autopilot will attempt to fly the route exactly as you have entered it with straight lines between segments. It is the pilot's responsibility to consider sim crossings, ban lines, and missing sims when entering a route. As always, the pilot may momentarily override the the AFCS to avoid problematic locations along the route or adjust for a sim crossing.
-==== Approach Entry for Coupled Approaches ====
-When entering an approach using coupled navigation, some special rules apply to how the GPS will fly the approach. If the entry angle is less then 30 degrees, the GPS will simply fly directly through the IAF. For entry angles between 30 and 90 degrees, the GPS will lead a turn onto the approach path. For approach angles between 90 ad 150, the GPS will lead a turn onto the "back course" intially flying in the opposite direction to the course until it is far enough out (based on speed) to make a 180 degree reversal and rejoin the approach path. Finally for approach angles greater than 150 degrees, the GPS will fly the aircraft through the IAF, join the back course, then do a course reversal.
-==== Search Patterns ====
-=== VOR Navigation Systems ===
-=== IFF Transponder ===
-==== Introduction ====
-The AN/APX-112(KS) IFF (Identify Friend or Foe) transponder provides automatic identification in the Shergood Radar System. The unit is suitable for both civilian and military use. Aircraft using this transponder will show up on the Shergood map. The system receives, decodes and replies to interrogations in Modes 1, 2, 3/A, 4, 5 and C. Each mode can be individually enabled or disabled by the pilot. The modes that are enabled control what information is sent and to who it is distributed. Power to the unit is supplied by the #2 DC Bus.
-The main panel of the transponder is shown in the figure on the right. A display at the top of the unit shows the active modes and the current transponder reply code. Below the display are knobs and buttons to control the operation of the unit. These will be described in the following sections.
-==== Interrogation Modes ====
-Transponders reply to interrogations in one or more modes. The transponder can be configurured to reply to any one or all of these modes at the same time. This unit supports the following modes:
-* Mode 1 - This is a two-digit "mission code". It is displayed as the two digit number prefix. When Mode 1 is active, the two digit code will be shown as part of the squawk code on the radar map.
-* Mode 2 - Replies with the four digit reply code shown after the "-" on the display. This mode is for military use.
-* Mode 3/A - Mode 3 is equivalant to the Mode A reply from a standard civilian transponder. It replies with the four digit code shown after the "-".
-* Mode 4 - Replies with the four digit reply code only to users with the correct IFF COD (Code of the Day). The COD is an 8 digit number entered into the unit and agreed upon among friendly forces.
-* Mode S - Replies withh additional aircraft-specific information beyond the squawk code, including aircraft type and tail number. (civilian and military use)
-* Mode 5 - Encryped version of Mode S for military use. Uses the same COD entered for Mode 5.
-* Mode C - Used in conjunction with the other modes to include altitude data.
-Modes are enabled or disabled by pressing the BIT button followed by one of the main keypad buttons. The mode shown on the upper part of the button will be enabled or disabled. Note that the RAD, MIC and HOME functions are not active on this unit.
-==== Master Control Switch ====
-The Master Control Switch is located below the display on the right-hand side. It has the following settings.
-* OFF - Unit is powered down and no reply is sent. All information is reset to defaults when the unit is turned off.
-* STBY - Unit is placed in stand-by mode. When in stand-by mode, the unit may be configured with a reply code and/or a COD, but not replies will be sent and the aircraft will not be displayed on the map.
-* NORMAL - This is the normal operating mode for the transponder. Replies will be sent as configured.
-* TA and TA/RA - These settings are reserved for use with TCAS units and are not implemented in this unit. Setting the device to these codes will operate the same as NORMAL.
-* EMER - Indicate an emergency condition. Replies are sent in all modes, and the emergency transponder reply code of 7700 is used.
-==== Entering a Reply Code ====
-The reply code is entered by simply pressing the number keys to set the desired code. You may enter either four digits followed by ENT to set the four digit reply, or six digits to enterr both the two-digit Mode 1 value and the four digit code used by Modes 2,3 and 4. The back arrow key on the bottom row can be used to delete the last entered value. Pressing the backarrow after all digits have been entered will reset the display to the current code.
-==== Entering the COD ====
-The COD (Code of the Day) is entered by setting the M4 Codes selector below the display on the left-hand side to the HOLD position. The COD is number that is shared among friendly forces to identify friendly aircraft, and hide radar replies from enemy aircraft. After entering the code, set the selector to either A or B. All friend forces should use the same A/B setting as well. Turning the M4 Codes selector to ZERO will erase the entered COD and make it all zeros. The COD will also be erased when the unit is powered off.
-When viewing the [https://www.shergoodaviation.com/radar.php Shergood Radar Map page], aircraft with a COD entered that matches the code entered for the IFF code on the web page will show up in green to indicate they are friendly forces.
-==== Fully Coded Transponder Usage ====
-For fully coded transponder use, modes other than 4, 5 and C should be disabled. This will result in your aircraft being visible on the map only to those users who know the COD entered into your transponder.
-==== Transponder Chat Commands ====
-Chat commands are available as listed below for the various transponder functions described in this section:
-{| class=wikitable
-!Command
-!Description
-|-
-|x [nn-]nnnn	||Enter four or six-digit transponder code.
-|-
-|x +[modes...]	||Turn on one or more modes.
-|-
-|x -[modes...]	||Turn off one or more modes.
-|-
-|x =[modes...]	||Set the active modes.
-|-
-|x /[modes...]	||Toggle one or more modes.
-|-
-|x cod nnnnnnnn	||Set the COD for encrypted modes.
-|-
-|x hold	||Set M4 knob to 'hold'.
-|-
-|x hold/a/b/zero	||Set M4 knob to specific position.
-|-
-|x off/stby/normal/ta/tara/emer	||Set master knob to specified position.
-|}
 == Limits ==