S-61R Pelican

The S-61R is a twin engine helicopter used for transport and search-and-rescue roles.

1 General

1.1 N-NUMBER ASSIGNMENT

When you rez your aircraft for the first time, it will attempt to contact registration server and assign you a unique N-number. If for some reason the server cannot be contacted, the aircraft will retain the "N-TEMP" registration. You can attempt to register again either by rerezing the aircraft, or by going to the @REGISTER menu and selecting the [Register Now] button. When an aircraft has not been registered, the @REGISTER will be available on the main menu. Once the aircraft is registered, you can access the @REGISTER menu as a sub-menu of the @Admin menu. You can also request a different N-number through the @REGISTER menu. Select the [N Number] button and enter an N-Number request. The N-number must be in a valid format, and must not be assigned to another aircraft. Valid N-Numbers must begin with an "N", followed by 3 to 5 alpha-numeric digits (however, only the last two digits may be letters). Alternatively you can select one of several international registration formats such as L-LLLL or LL-LLL where the "L" are letters, or a militaty format with five numeric digits.

1.2 CONTROLS

This aircraft supports two separate control schemes: Keyboard-based and HUD-based. The control scheme is set in the @Options menu. Regardless of the scheme selected, controls can also be moved through the HUD by pressing and holding the left mouse button and dragging the appropriate slider in the HUD. In both control schemes, some key commands are activated through gestures included in a box as part of the product carton. Key commands requiring a gesture are marked with a [G] in the key command lists below.

1.2.1 CONTROLS LAYOUT "K" (KEYBOARD)

Keyboard control features a traditional layout with the cyclic controlled by the arrow keys.

Key	Description
Left/Right/Up/Down (or A/D/W/S)	cyclic (Left/Right/Forward.Back)
PgUp/PgDown (or E/C)	Collective (Up/Down)
L. Mouse + Left/Right (or A/D)	Pedals (left/right)*
Shift-Left/Shift-Right	Alternate pedal control (not available in mouselook)
Z/X	Alternate pedal keys (left/right) [G]
.	Center cyclic [G]
p	Toggle camera view [G]

• NOTE ON PEDALS: Because the left mouse button is intercepted by the touch scripts in the heli, the L.Mouse + Arrow key combination will only work in mouselook, or in external view modes. There is also a "mouselook touch" mode that is toggled by the "mlt" chat command. This toggles whether mouse clicks while in mouselook affect switches and buttons in the cockpit, or are used for pedals.

1.2.2 CONTROL LAYOUT "H" (HUD)

HUD control is designed to be used with the left hand on the WASD buttons, and right hand on the mouse controlling the cyclic in the HUD (by dragging the red dot on the HUD). It is also possible to use gestures for the JKLI buttons to control cyclic with the mode.

Key	Description
Up/Down (or W/S)	Collective up/down.
Left/Right (or A/D)	Anti-torque pedals.
J/L/I/K	*Cyclic left/right/forward/back. [G]
.	Center cyclic [G]
p	Toggle camera view [G]

1.3 CAMERA

The default camera position is inside the cockpit with a view through the front glass. It is also possible to switch to an outside "follow cam" view by typing "cv" or wear the "cameraViews" gestures and use "p" key to toggle views. An additional overhead view can be selected with the "cv2" command. In addition, it is possible to fly in mouselook when using one of the keyboard based flight control methods.

1.4 Mouselook Touch

Because of SL limitations, it is not possible to use the mouse button for both clicking on controls, and using it to modulate the Left/Right keys to be used for the anti-torque pedals. For this reason, most Shergood helicopters use the "mlt" chat command to toggle the functionality of the left mouse button between being used to click on controls, and being used for pedal control.

1.5 CHAT COMMANDS

1.5.1 General

Chat commands may be issued on local chat, or on the channel /2973 for use in gestures.

1.5.2 Command Summary

Command	Description
help	Get command summary NC
menu	Post the main menu
cycen	Center the cyclic
pedcen	Center the pedals
cv/cv0/cv1/cv2/cv3	Change camera view: toggle/cockpit/behind/overhead/underside
fc/fc0/fc1/fc2	Fine control: toggle/off/fine/very-fine
dc	Close all doors
g/gd/gu	Toggle gear/Gear down/Gear up
rb/rb0/rb1	Toggle rotor brake/Rotor brake on/Rotor brake off
mlt	Toggle "mouse look touch"
qstart	Do a quick start (skip full start procedure)
qstop or stop	Do a quick shutdown (skip full shutdown procedure)
hud	Get copy of hud
winchhud/hoisthud	Get copy of hoist hud
checklist	Bring out or stow the checklist
anchor/unanchor	Raise or lower the anchor
ec*	Engine control lever command (see below for details)
ef*	Emergency throttle lever command (see below for details)
s switch-name	Toggle the switch named "switch-name"
s1 switch-name	Turn on the switch named "switch-name"
s0 switch-name	Turn off the switch named "switch-name"
sn switch-name	Set rotary or three position switch to position n.
ap cmd	Autopilot command
x cmd	Transponder command
nav cmd	Navigation/VOR command
gps cmd	GPS command
wind cmd	Set wind model for on-water behavior.
w cmd	Winch/Hoist command

1.5.3 Quick Start

Like all Shergood aircraft there is a command, "qstart", to start the helicopter quickly. In order to use this command, there must be someone sitting in the pilot seat. Note that the qstart command works by initiating a script that configures the helicopter for flight and does not instantly put the helicopter in a flyable state. The script includes pauses to wait for various systems to spin up to speed such as the APU, each engine and the rotor system. Once issuing the qstart command, it is recommended to wait for the rotor system to reach 100% before attempting flight.

The qstart command does not by default correct any failed systems. Some system failures may prevent the qstart process from completing. In this case, there will be a message in local chat informing that qstart has timed out. You can correct failed components either by clicking on the component or using the "Repair All" button from the "@Cheat" menu.

1.5.4 Fine Control

The "fc" chat command or "q" gesture toggles fine control mode for key commands. This can be useful when higher precision is need such as for making an accurate landing on a small platform. When in fine control mode, the effect of control keys are halved.

1.5.5 Engine Control Levers

Engine control chat commands begin with "ec" and the engine number (1 or 2) followed by a suffix for the action to perform with the lever. A "+" will increase the lever either by 10%, or to the next stop. A "-" will decrease the lever by 10%, or to the next stop. For example:

ec1+

will increase the engine #1 throttle by 10%. You can also specify a specific throttle setting with a "/" followed by the setting in percent. For example:

ec2/70

will set the throttle for engine 2 to 70%. In place of the percent, you can also use the letters "s" for stop (0%), "i" for idle (21%), "m" for min rpm (39%) and "f" for full/normal operating speed (63%). For example:

ec1/i

will set engine #1 to idle speed.

1.5.6 Emergency Throttle Levers

In addition to the standard engine control levers, there are two emergency throttle levers. Emergency throttle chat commands begin with "ef" and the engine number (1 or 2) followed by a suffix for the action to perform with the lever. A "+" will increase the lever by 1%, and a "-" will decrease the lever by 1%. In addition you can add a "/" followed by the percent travel of the lever. For example:

ef1+

will increase the Engine #1 emergency throttle by 1%, and:

ef2/50

will set the Engine #2 emergency throttle to 50%.

1.6 Gestures

Key	Description
p	Toggle camera view
shift-c	Collective full down
t	Toggle mouselook touch
q	Toggle fine control
.	Center cyclic
I	Cyclic forward
J	Cyclic left
K	Cyclic back
L	Cyclic right
z	Pedal left
x	Pedal right

1.7 Engine Control and Emergency Throttle Operation

Figure 1: Pelican engine controls overlay.

Engine control levers and emergency throttles are located on the forward overhead panel between the pilot and copilot seats. In normal operation, only the yellow engine control levers are used. To operate the levers, click in the general area of the lever to bring up the control overlay (see Figure 1). Once the overlay is active, clicking on one of the scales will move the lever under it to the selected position. To dismiss the control overlay, you can click the "X".

1.7.1 Engine Control Levers

The blue scales in the center part of the overlay are used for the engine control levers. Clicking on one of the one of the wide blue scales will move the lever under it to the selected position. There are stops at "SHUT OFF", "GRD IDLE" (ground idle) and "MIN GOV" (minimum governed) positions. Above "MIN GOV", the engine control lever is analog and can be placed at any position to operate the engine at a specific RPM. A "100% SPEED" marking shows the approximate position for 100% RPM. In normal operations, RPM should be between 90% and 110%.

Next to each engine scale is a narrower "trim" scale. Clicking on the trim scale will nudge the engine control in the indicated direction relative to the center point. The further you click from the center point of the scale, the larger the nudge will be.

Between the two throttles is a paired scale. Clicking on this scale will move both engine control levers to the indicated position.

The engine control levers do not directly control the throttles on the engine. Instead they command a fuel controller to maintain a specific RPM. As the load on the engine is increased, the throttle is opened to maintain that RPM.

1.7.2 Emergency Throttle Levers

On the outside of the engine control quadrant are two emergency throttle levers. In normal operation, they are left in the CLOSED position. In the event of a fuel controller failure, the throttle will "stick" in its position when the controller failed. The emergency throttle levers have a mechanical linkage that allows them to open the throttle beyond the point where it failed, but the throttle cannot be closed through use of the emergency throttles. In practice, the first part of travel of the emergency control lever will have no effect until it is opened beyond the point of the stuck position.

When using an emergency throttle in flight, care should be taken to make collective movements as slow and gradual as possible to avoid overspeeding the engine. Adjustments to the collective or an emergency throttle should always be done while monitoring engine and rotor rpm.

To move an emergency throttle, click on one of the red scales of the engine control overlay. The large scales move the throttle to the selected position, while the smaller scales next to it are for trim, nudging the throttle in the indicated direction.

1.8 Switch Operation

1.8.1 General

The switch names can be used to control the switches from chat commands or gestures. The chat commands for the various switch types are described below.

1.8.1.1 Toggle switches

Toggle switches are simple two position switches, in most cases with an ON and OFF position (a small subset are selectors between two options). Commands for toggle switches are:

Command	Description
s name	Toggle a switch
s1 name	Move a switch to the ON position.
s0 name	Move a switch to the OFF position.

1.8.1.2 Rocker Switches

The Pelican has a number of three-state "rocker" style switches. The switch positions are numbered with "0" as the center position and "1" and "2" as the edge positions. Rockers are moved be clicking on one half of them. Each click moves it one position. Some rocker switches are "spring loaded" on one side or the other. For example the APU switch has an OFF, RUN and START positions with the START position being spring loaded. They can be controlled with the following chat commands:

Command	Description
s0 name	Move switch to center position
s1 name	Move switch to edge position 1
s2 name	Move switch to edge position 2

Note that chat commands with spring-loaded switches will not automatically return to the center position. You must explicitly use an "s0" command after a delay. This is to allow you to control the delay in gestures.

1.8.1.3 Rotary Switches

Rotary switches have varying numbers of discrete positions and are controlled with a rotating knob. The positions are numbered start with zero at the most counter-clockwise position and increase in a clockwise direction. For example in the knob shown in the figure to the left the FWD setting is position 0, and the ALL setting is position 4. Knobs are moved interavtively by clicking on them. The side on which you click, relative to the indicating line, determines the direction of rotation.

Command	Description
sn name	Set rotary switch to position n.

1.9 GTFO

The S61R is compatable with GTFO using the code KSPELICAN.

2 Systems

2.1 Helicopter

2.1.1 General

The Shergood S-61R is a twin-turbine engine helicopter designed for transportation of cargo and for search-and-rescue operations in day, night, visual and instrument conditions. The helicopter is powered by two 1,400 shp General Electric T58-GE-10 turbo-shaft engines mounted above the main cabin in front of the main transmission. Drive shafts from each engine is connected to the main transmission through a mixing unit such that the rotors will continue to spin even if one engine fails. When the rotors are not turning, an APU (Auxilary Power Unit) can be used to supply electrical power and hydraulic pressure. Fuel is carried in compartments in the lower hull of the helicopter with forward and aft auxilary and main tanks. An entrance door is located on the forward right side of the main cabin, while a hydraulically powered ramp is in the back. The helicopter is fully amphibious with a "flying boat" style design.

2.1.2 Gross Weight

The maximum gross weight is 22,050 pounds.

2.1.3 Pilot-Side Instrument Panel

Figure 2: Pilot-side instrument panel

1. Marker Beacon Intensity	2. RAWS Warning	3. Fire Warning Test	4. Tail-Number plate
5. Marker Beacon Light	6. Fire Warning Light	7. Master Warning Light	8. Torque Indicator
9. Airspeed Indicator	10. Attitude Indicator	11. Radar Altimeter	12. Tri-Needle RPM
13. Vertical Speed Indicator	14. HSI	15. Altimeter	16. AFCS Indicator
17. Turn/Slip Indicator	18. Clock	19. Radio-Magnetic Indicator

The right portion of the main panel (shown in Figure 2) is intended primarily for use by the pilot sitting in the right-hand seat.

2.1.4 Co-Pilot-Side Instrument Panel

Figure 3: Co-pilot-side instrument panel

1. Master Caution Light	2. Fire Warning Light	3. Marker Beacon Light	4. Tail-Number plate
5. Torque Indicator	6. Airspeed Indicator	7. Attitude Indicator	8. Radar Altimeter
9. Tri-Needle RPM	10. Vertical Speed Indicator	11. HSI	12. Altimeter
13. AFCS Indicator	14. Turn/Slip Indicator	15. Clock	16. Radio-Magnetic Indicator

The co-pilot side instrument panel is shown in Figure 3.

2.1.5 Center Instrument Panel

Figure 4: Center instrument panel

1. Fuel Panel	2. N1 Gauge	3. Turbine Inlet Temp (TIT)	4. Fuel Flow
5. Oil Pressure	6. Oil Temp.	7. Trans. Temp & Press.	8. Gear Panel
9. Hydraulic Pressure	10. Warning/Alert Panel	11. GPS Moving Map

2.1.6 Overhead Panel

Figure 5: Overhead panel

1. Ice Protection	2. Exterior Lighting	3. Windshield Wiper/Wash	4. Rotor Brake Press.
5. Rotor Brake	6. Interior Lighting	7. System Master Switches	8. Electrical Systems
9. Ignition	10. Hoist Cable Shear	11. Fire Protection	12. Start Mode
13. Starter	14. Engine Control	15. Emergency Throttles

2.1.7 Middle Panel

Figure 6: Middle panel

1. IFF Trasponder	2. GPS Panel	3. #1 NAV Radio	4. #2 NAV Radio
5. Rear Ramp Control	6. Parking Brake	7. Nosewheel Lock	8. Navigation Control
9. Doppler Panel	10. Antenna Control	11. #1 COM Radio	12. #2 COM Radio
13. Emergency Gear Down	14. Fuel Dump Panel	15. AFCS	16. Hydraulic System Select
17. Hoist Control	18. Spotlight Control

3 Avionics

3.1 GPS/Navigation Systems

Figure 7: GPS Panel

3.1.1 Introduction

The KG-9800 navigation system is comprised of: a main control panel; pilot and co-pilot side HSI; and pilot and co-pilot side marker beacons. The main control panel allows you to enter a sequence of waypoints that are then flown using the HSI. The marker beacons are used when flying ILS approaches to indicate waypoint passage in the approach. Up to twenty waypoints may be entered, including an approach at the destination.

3.1.2 GPS Main Panel

The main GPS panel is located on the slant panel between the seats. It is shown in Figure 7. It consists of a 4-line display, line selector buttons to the left of the display, scroll buttons to the right of the display, a row of function buttons below the display, and an alpha-numeric keypad on the bottom portion of the unit. The primary function keys are:

Button	Description
	Turns unit ON or OFF.
	Discards current flight plan. Will prompt for Y/N to confirm.
	Insert new waypoint.
	Go direct to next waypoint.
	Clear last character or waypoint.
	End entry of a waypoint.

3.1.2.1 Main Display

When a flight plan has been entered (see ), the display will show the list of waypoints and distances in kilometers. One kilometer is 4 sims. The distances are segment distance from the previous waypoint to the next waypoint. In the case of the first waypoint, it is the distance from the start point of the segment to the next waypoint. Note this will not update in flight and you should look the the HSI display for the current distance to the waypoint. The up/down arrows to the right of the display can be used to scroll through the waypoints you have entered. Optionally, the last "waypoint" can be an approach for the airport listed above it. When an approach has been entered, the distance to the airport line is the distance to the IAF (initial approach fix) for the selected approach, and the distance listed on the approach line is the distance from the IAF to the MAP (Missed Approach Point).

The distance will be displayed as "???" when there is an unknown waypoint, or while the GPS unit is querying the Shergood server for waypoint positions. It will normally display "???" for the next waypoint while entering the waypoint above.

When there no waypoints have been entered, "ADD?" will be shown on the first line in the display.

3.1.2.2 Entering Waypoints

To enter a waypoint, you can use the button to enter at a specific point, or the button to insert a new waypoint at the end of the current plan. Pressing either of these keys will put you in waypoint entry mode (see ). When in entry mode, a cursor will be displayed after the selected waypoint. You can enter any airport or waypoint from the Shergood Map System. Once you are done entering a waypoint press the button to exit entry mode.

3.1.2.3 Editing and Deleting Waypoints

To edit a waypoint, press the button next to it. You will go back into waypoint edit mode and can type additional letters, or use the to delete letters. If you press the button after deleting all letters in a waypoint, the line itself will be deleted and you will exit waypoint edit mode. You can also press the XX button while editing a waypoint. This will move the current waypoint down a line, and insert a new waypoint at the current position.

3.1.2.4 Clearing All Waypoints

Press the button to delete the current flight plan. It will prompt you to confirm with a Y or N. If you press any key other than Y, the operation will be cancled.

3.1.3 GPS Chat Commands

Chat commands are available as listed below for the various gps commands described in this section: Command Description gps ln name Enter waypoint name on line n gps ln ins name Insert waypoint name at line n gps del ln Delete waypoint on line n gps ins name Insert waypoint name at end of plan. gps up Scroll waypoints up gps down Scroll waypoints down gps top Scroll to top of waypoints gps bottom Scroll to bottom of waypoints gps new Delete all waypoints gps direct Go direct to next waypoint gps save [label] Save the current route to server gps load spec Load a route from server

3.1.4 Saving and Loading Routes

Route entered on the GPS can be saved/loaded to/from the Shergood Radar System. Routes can be created, edited and shared between the Chinook's GPS unit and the route planner on the web site.

3.1.4.1 Saving Routes

Routes are saved by typing: gps save in local chat. If there is a waypoint (or airport) on the current region, that region will be prepended to the plan as a start location when saving. If there current region is not an airport or waypoint, then the path will be saved as entered. An optiona label may also be specified using the syntax:

gps save label This will save a labeled route. Labeled routes give you the ability to save multiple routes between two points and use the label select the desired route.

3.1.4.2 Loading Routes

Routes are loaded using the command: gps load [origin>]destination[.approach][/label] Most parts of the command are optional except the destination. In its most basic form you can use a command like:

gps load SLHA This would load any stored route from the current location to SLHA. There there are no saved routes to SLHA from the current sim, the system will look for routes with starting locations up to 2 sims away.

When a starting location is given as in:

gps load SLKA>SLHA Then the system will load a route from SLKA to SLHA regardless of the current location. In this case, the GPS will first navigate to SLKA from the current location followed by the loaded route.

An approach can optionally be specified as in:

gps load SLHA.H1 The specified approach acts an override for any approach.

Labels are specified at the end after a slash(/):

gps load SLHA/plan9 Labels are used when you have more than one path stored for a given origin/destination pair.

3.1.5 HSI (Horizontal Situation Indicator)

Navigation information is displayed on the HSI (Horizontal Situation Indicator) shown in . To enable use of the GPS through the HSI, press the GPS button in the lower left corner to enable GPS mode. The HSI is comprised of: Rotating compass card showing the current heading Course indicator showing the current course overlayed on the compass card as a white "+" symbol. In GPS mode, this is the GPS course for the current segment, when GPS mode is disabled it acts as a maually adjustable heading bug. CDI (Course Deviation Indicator) in the center part of the HSI. Deflects to left or right to show the amount of deviation from the course. Course heading display showing the current course as a numeric compass heading. Range display showing the distance in kilometers to the next waypoint. Course Adjustment Knob to adjust the course indictor when not in GPS mode. Click and hold on the knob to move the indicator. Glideslope Indicator shows your veritcal position relative to the glideslope. The glideslope indicator is usually hidden, but pops in from the sides when approach mode is activated.

3.1.6 Flying a Course

A route is a sequence of waypoints from a starting location to a destination. The lines between waypoints are segments, and the segment currently being flown is the current segement. Consider the example in with a route starting at ITAWT, passing through ITAWA, and ending at PUDYE. In this case, the segment between ITAWA and PUDYE is the current segement, or "track". The GPS system in the Chinook is designed for flying tracks. In the example above, the track from ITAWA toa PUDYE is on a 89 degree heading, so the track indicator on the HSI shows (Fig. 3-6) an approximately East heading. Note that the track indicator shows an 89 degree course independent of the actual heading of the aircraft (shown by the reference mark at the top of the HSI).

The CDI (Course Deviation Indicator), the white line in the center of the HSI, will deflect left or right to indicate the position of the aircraft relative to the current track. The CDI indication in Fig.3-6 a-c correspond to the aircaft positions (a), (b) and (c) in Fig 3-5. (a) is aicraft that is slightly right of course, turned toward the course to correct. (b) is an aircraft that is on the course and with the course heading. (c) is an aircraft that is significantly right of course, also turned to intercept the course.

(a) Left Of Course

(b) On Course

(c) Right of Course Enroute CDI Indications When the HSI is in enroute mode, the amount of deflection corresponds to the distance from track. One dot on the CDI corresponds to 50m off course, with full deflection of two dots at 100m. These correspond to the dashed lines shown in Fig. 3-5.

When correcting for a course deviation, you should turn the aircraft toward the CDI with the amount of correction corresponding to the amount of deflection. As you converge on the track, the CDI will move to the center and you should gradually decrease the amount of correction. In general, your correction should not be more than 30 degrees to avoid overshooting the track.

In some cases, when you are significantly off course, it may be desirable to reset the "start" coordinate of track. You can do this by pressing the button on the GPS. This will reset the current track to start at the current location and center the CDI.

Leading Turn on Waypoint Passage Waypoint Passage While flying a multi-waypoint path, the GPS uses a set of rules to determine when you have "passed" a waypoint and it is time to turn to the next waypoint. In general, the GPS will attempt to "lead" turns, triggering passage before arriving at the waypoint as shown in . Once waypoint passage has been triggered, the HSI will how the heading and CDI indication for the next leg. The distance by a which a turn is lead is based on your current airspeed and the angle of the turn. The lead distance is chosen so that a 20 degree banked turn will approximately roll out on the next leg. There are a few exceptions to the general rule of leading turns. These are:

The turn is less than 30 degrees, or more than 150 degrees. The next leg is too short to complete the turn before the following waypoint. If either of these conditions are met, waypoint passing will instead be tiggered when passing through a plane perpendicular to the line from the previous waypoint to the next waypoint.

3.1.7 Flying an Approach

An approach is a procedure for transitioning by use of instruments between the enroute component of flight to a position from which a landing can be made. The Chinook supports ILS approaches with both horizontal and vertical guidance with a recomended approach speed of 60 knots. shows a typical ILS approach in the Shergood navigation system. The top part of the figure shows the horizontal component (called the localizer), while the lower portion shows the vertical component (called the glideslope). An standard approach is comprised of the following four fixes:

IAF (Initial Approach Fix) - This is the entry point to the approach. Between this point and the FAF, the primary task is to get the aircraft established horizontally on the inbound course. The IAF should be entered at a target altitude as published on the approach plate (see Section 3.1.11) for the approach. FAF (Final Approach Fix) - This is the point at which the aircraft intercepts the glideslope and begins the descent. By this point, the aircraft should be established on the inbound course (localizer) and intercept the glideslope from below. MAP (Missed Approach Point) - This is the termination of the instrument portion of the approach. At this point the pilot should determine if a landing can safely be made, or if they should initiate a missed approach or go-around. TDZ (Touch Down Zone) - This is the projected point on runway where the aircraft should touch down if they followed localizer and glideslope all the way to the ground. When shooting an approach, the CDI switches from being distance-based to angle-based. This switch occurs when the aircraft passes the IAF. During the approach, each dot on the CDI represents an angular deflection of 1.75 degrees as shown by the dotted lines in the upper half of Fig. 3-7. The key effect of this is that the CDI becomes progressively more sensitive as the pilot approaches the MAP. Course corrections should be minimal during the later portion of the approach.

Glideslope Intercept at FAF (Outer Marker) Approach mode is indicated by the appearance of the glideslope indicators on the sides of the HSI as shown in . Like the CDI, the the glideslope has a center position and up to two dots of deflection representing the number of degrees above or below the glideslope. Also like the CDI, the glideslope also becomes progressively more sensitive toward the end of the approach. At the IAF, the glideslope will typically be fully deflected up and gradually come down to the center as the aircraft approachs the FAF. shows the HSI at the FAF at the point of glideslope intercept (slightly high).

Also of note are the three lights labeled "O", "M" and "I" below the HSI. These are the marker beacons. The letters correspond to the outer, middle and inner markers, respectively. When passing a marker on an active approach, the corresponding marker beacon light will flash and an intermittent tone will sound. The Outer Marker is at the FAF, the Middle Marker is at the MAP and the Inner Marker is at the TDZ.

3.1.8 Procedure Turns

Sometimes, a pilot may elect to fly a procedure turn when entering an apporach to get better oriented for it. This may be preferable to attempting to make a sharp turn the IAF. For example, consider the situation shown in where a pilot is approaching the IAF from STONE. This would require a greater than 90 degree turn to the localizer inbound course. It may be difficult to get established on the localizer before reaching the FAF in such cases. The alternative to the sharp turn is to conduct a procedure turn. A procedure turn is comprised of the following steps:

Instead of making an inbound turn at the IAF, make an outbound turn flying the opposite direction of the localizer. The heading bug will be at the bottom of the HSI, but the CDI may be intrepteted normally while the pilot gets estalished on the localizer outbound. Once established outbound, make a 30 degree left turn. Hold the 30 degree heading for approximately 30 seconds. Make a 180 degree right turn Reintercept the localizer inbound, then fly the apporach normally.

3.1.9 Approach Plates

Approach plates are one page summaries of the approach procedures for a particular airport and runway. shows an example of an approach plate for the RW27 approach at White Star Airport (SLWS). An approach plate is divided into the following three sections: Data Section - The data section, located in the top part of the apporach plate, lists the name of the airport and approach, the inbound course heading, the runway length, elevations of the airport and the touch down zone for the runway, and the tower and/or CTAF frequency for the airport. Plan View - The plan view is the main part of the approach plate, showing an overhead view of the approach. The plan view shows the runway, the inbound course, and the location of the key waypoints of the approach (IAF, FAF and MAP). The approach course is overlaid in the sim names in a 6x5 grid of sims. Profile View - The profile view is essentially a side view of the approach showing the descent to the missed approach point. The same three approach waypoints of the plan view are shown from the side. In the profile view, the target altitude of those points are shown in both feet above SL sea level and in SL meters. Note that since SL sea level is generally at 20m, the hight in feet does not directly corespond to the hight in meters shown on the plate. Refering to the RW27 approach of , the procedure would be to fly to the IAF, establishing an entry altitude of 410 feet (145m). At the IAF, the pilot would then either turn to the inbound course, or use a procedure turn to get established on inbound with a heading of 270. The pilot should expect to intercept the glidesope at the FAF 256m past the IAF and begin a descent to 91 feet (41m). Upon reaching the MAP, the pilot can either choose to land, or to go around to attempt the apporach again if they are not in a good position to land. Shergood aviation provides a complete set of apporach plates for most SL airports in the Shergood Approach Plate Repository.

3.1.10 AFCS Coupled Navigation

The GPS can be used in conjunction with the AFCS to perform coupled navigation and approaches. In order to fly a coupled approach, you must have HDG, IAS, and BARO ALT hold modes active. You must also have the HSI in GPS mode. The following procedure can be used to perform a coupled flight from the ground at the originating airport to a destination airport:

Enter route including approach in the GPS Activate hover mode on the AFCS Type "ap alt 800" (or other cruise altitude) When aircarft picks off ground enable GPS mode on HSI Type "ap ias 100" (or other speed) to set cruise speed of 100 knots. About 1km before IAF at destination: Type "ap ias 60" to reduce to approach speed Type "ap alt N" where N is the approach entry altitude from the approach plate. The approach and landing will proceed automatically terminating in a hover over the runway. Keep in mind, the autopilot will attempt to fly the route exactly as you have entered it with straight lines between segments. It is the pilot's responsibility to consider sim crossings, ban lines, and missing sims when entering a route. As always, the pilot may momentarily override the the AFCS to avoid problematic locations along the route or adjust for a sim crossing.

3.1.11 Approach Entry for Coupled Approaches

When entering an approach using coupled navigation, some special rules apply to how the GPS will fly the approach. If the entry angle is less then 30 degrees, the GPS will simply fly directly through the IAF. For entry angles between 30 and 90 degrees, the GPS will lead a turn onto the approach path. For approach angles between 90 ad 150, the GPS will lead a turn onto the "back course" intially flying in the opposite direction to the course until it is far enough out (based on speed) to make a 180 degree reversal and rejoin the approach path. Finally for approach angles greater than 150 degrees, the GPS will fly the aircraft through the IAF, join the back course, then do a course reversal.

3.3 IFF Transponder

3.3.1 Introduction

The AN/APX-112(KS) IFF (Identify Friend or Foe) transponder provides automatic identification in the Shergood Radar System. The unit is suitable for both civilian and military use. Aircraft using this transponder will show up on the Shergood map. The system receives, decodes and replies to interrogations in Modes 1, 2, 3/A, 4, 5 and C. Each mode can be individually enabled or disabled by the pilot. The modes that are enabled control what information is sent and to who it is distributed. Power to the unit is supplied by the #2 DC Bus.

The main panel of the transponder is shown in the figure on the right. A display at the top of the unit shows the active modes and the current transponder reply code. Below the display are knobs and buttons to control the operation of the unit. These will be described in the following sections.

3.3.2 Interrogation Modes

Transponders reply to interrogations in one or more modes. The transponder can be configurured to reply to any one or all of these modes at the same time. This unit supports the following modes:

• Mode 1 - This is a two-digit "mission code". It is displayed as the two digit number prefix. When Mode 1 is active, the two digit code will be shown as part of the squawk code on the radar map.
• Mode 2 - Replies with the four digit reply code shown after the "-" on the display. This mode is for military use.
• Mode 3/A - Mode 3 is equivalant to the Mode A reply from a standard civilian transponder. It replies with the four digit code shown after the "-".
• Mode 4 - Replies with the four digit reply code only to users with the correct IFF COD (Code of the Day). The COD is an 8 digit number entered into the unit and agreed upon among friendly forces.
• Mode S - Replies withh additional aircraft-specific information beyond the squawk code, including aircraft type and tail number. (civilian and military use)
• Mode 5 - Encryped version of Mode S for military use. Uses the same COD entered for Mode 5.
• Mode C - Used in conjunction with the other modes to include altitude data.

Modes are enabled or disabled by pressing the BIT button followed by one of the main keypad buttons. The mode shown on the upper part of the button will be enabled or disabled. Note that the RAD, MIC and HOME functions are not active on this unit.

3.3.3 Master Control Switch

The Master Control Switch is located below the display on the right-hand side. It has the following settings.

• OFF - Unit is powered down and no reply is sent. All information is reset to defaults when the unit is turned off.
• STBY - Unit is placed in stand-by mode. When in stand-by mode, the unit may be configured with a reply code and/or a COD, but not replies will be sent and the aircraft will not be displayed on the map.
• NORMAL - This is the normal operating mode for the transponder. Replies will be sent as configured.
• TA and TA/RA - These settings are reserved for use with TCAS units and are not implemented in this unit. Setting the device to these codes will operate the same as NORMAL.
• EMER - Indicate an emergency condition. Replies are sent in all modes, and the emergency transponder reply code of 7700 is used.

3.3.4 Entering a Reply Code

The reply code is entered by simply pressing the number keys to set the desired code. You may enter either four digits followed by ENT to set the four digit reply, or six digits to enterr both the two-digit Mode 1 value and the four digit code used by Modes 2,3 and 4. The back arrow key on the bottom row can be used to delete the last entered value. Pressing the backarrow after all digits have been entered will reset the display to the current code.

3.3.5 Entering the COD

The COD (Code of the Day) is entered by setting the M4 Codes selector below the display on the left-hand side to the HOLD position. The COD is number that is shared among friendly forces to identify friendly aircraft, and hide radar replies from enemy aircraft. After entering the code, set the selector to either A or B. All friend forces should use the same A/B setting as well. Turning the M4 Codes selector to ZERO will erase the entered COD and make it all zeros. The COD will also be erased when the unit is powered off. When viewing the Shergood Radar Map page, aircraft with a COD entered that matches the code entered for the IFF code on the web page will show up in green to indicate they are friendly forces.

3.3.6 Fully Coded Transponder Usage

For fully coded transponder use, modes other than 4, 5 and C should be disabled. This will result in your aircraft being visible on the map only to those users who know the COD entered into your transponder.

3.3.7 Transponder Chat Commands

Chat commands are available as listed below for the various transponder functions described in this section:

Command	Description
x [nn-]nnnn	Enter four or six-digit transponder code.
x +[modes...]	Turn on one or more modes.
x -[modes...]	Turn off one or more modes.
x =[modes...]	Set the active modes.
x /[modes...]	Toggle one or more modes.
x cod nnnnnnnn	Set the COD for encrypted modes.
x hold	Set M4 knob to 'hold'.
x hold/a/b/zero	Set M4 knob to specific position.
x off/stby/normal/ta/tara/emer	Set master knob to specified position.

4 Limits

4.1 General

4.1.1 Purpose

This chapter identifies the operating limitations that should be observed by the flight crew during operation of this helicopter.

4.1.2 Minimum Crew

The minimum crew required to operate this helicopter is two pilots and a flight engineer. However, in the event the two other avatars cannot be located, a waiver for single-pilot flight is granted.

4.2 System Limits

4.2.1 Instrument Markings

All instrument markings should be observed while flying this helicopter.

• Lower Red Radial - The red radial having the lowest numerical value on an instrument indicates that a dangerous condition would exist if the pointer should drop to or below that value during flight.
• Yellow Arc or Radial - A yellow arc or radial indicates that danger may exist under certain specified conditions. Operation in these regions may only be carried out in accordance with the limitations prescribed in this manual.
• Green Arc - A green arc indicates the region for continuous inflight operation.
• Upper Red Radial - The red radial having the highest numerical value on an instrument indicates that a dangerous condition would exist if the pointer should reach this value and that operation above this point is prohibited.

4.2.2 Rotor Limits

Rotor speed should be between 91 percent and 112 percent in normal operation. Rotor speed excursions above 115 percent require a tear-down inspection of the rotor system.

4.3 Loading Limits

4.3.1 Center-of-Gravity Limitations

See Fig. 6-1 for center-of-gravity limitations with respect to gross weight.

4.3.2 Maximum Gross Weight

The maximum gross weight is 22,050 pounds.

4.3.3 Cargo Hook Limitations

Maximum weight for external cargo is 8,000 pounds.

4.4 AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS

4.4.1 Maximum forward speed

• Maximum airspeed at design gross weight of 19500 pounds, for sea level, standard day conditions, is 142 knots IAS. Maximum airspeed at maximum gross weight of 22050 pounds for sea level, standard day conditions is 138 knots.
• With an external load, the maximum forward airspeed is 120 knots.
• Maximum speed while operating the windshield wipers is 130 knots.
• Maximum Speed while operating the aft ramp is 115 knots.
• Maximum Speed while operating the personnel door is 115 knots.

4.4.2 Other Speed Limitations

Maximum airspeed in sideward flight is 35 knots. Maximum airspeed in rearward flight is 30 knots. Maximum crosswind or tailwind in a hover is 45 knots.

4.5 MANEUVERING LIMITS

4.5.1 Aerobatics

Acrobatic maneuvers are prohibited with this helicopter.

4.5.2 Bank Limitations

Bank angles are limited to 45 degrees.

4.5.3 Landing Limitations

1. The maximum rate of descent at touchdown for gross weights up to 19,500 pounds is 480 feet/min.
2. The maximum rate of descent at touchdown for gross weights above 19,500 pounds is 360 feet/min.
3. The maximum groundspeed for running landings is 60 knots.
4. The maxmum nose-up attiude for landings is 20 degrees.

4.6 Servicing

4.6.1 Fuel

4.6.1.1 Fuel Types

Usage	Fuel Type	Restrictions
Normal	JP-5	Unlimited Use
	Jet-A/Jet-A1	Unlimited Use
Emergency	100LL	Limited to 2 Hours Total Flight time. Tear Down Inspection of Engines and Fuel System required after any use.

4.6.1.2 Fuel Capacities

Tank	Capacity	Feeds
Forward Tank	348 gal.	Feeds #1 engine
Aft Tank	345 gal.	Feeds #2 engine
Forward Aux Tank	184 gal.	Feeds Forward and Aft tanks
Aft Aux Tank	245 gal.	Feeds Aft Tank

4.6.2 Fluid Types

Only genuine Shergood oil and hydraulic fluid products should be used in servicing this helicopter.

4.6.3 Fluid Capacities

Fluid	Capacity
Engine #1 Oil	10 qt.
Engine #2 Oil	10 qt.
Main Transmission	44 qt.
Intermediate Gear box	0.8 qt.
T/R Transmission	1.6 qt.
Primary Servo Hydraulic	1.8 qt.
Auxiliary Servo Hydraulic	1.8 qt.
Utility Hydraulic	5.04 qt.

5 Weight and Balance

5.1 General

The helicopter must be flown within the weight and CG (Center of Gravity) limits as specified in this section. Failure to adhere to these limitations will result in unpredictable performance. CG is measured in inches aft of the datum plane. The datum plane is located at the forward most point at the tip of the pitot tubes.

5.2 WEIGHT AND CG LIMITS

The weight and extreme CG limits for this aircraft are:

Item	Limit
Max Gross Weight:	22,050 lb
Max Forward CG:	235 inches
Max Aft CG:	251 inches

Not withstanding the maxmimum limits shown above, the helicopter should only be operated within the weight vs CG envelope shown in .

5.3 EMPTY WEIGHT AND CG

The empty weight and CG of this aircraft are:

Item	Limit
Empty Weight:	13,341lb
Empty Aircraft CG:	240.8in
Empty Moment:	3.21 M-lb-in

5.4 CG ARM DATA

The following arm data can be used to calculate moment at each of these stations.

Item	Limit
Pilot/Co-Pilot	73 in (1.85 m)
Winch	136 in (3.46 m)
RDF Operator	145 in (3.68 m)
Hoist Operator	150 in (3.82 m)
Utility Seat #1	243 in (6.17 m)
Fuel	262 in (6.67 m)
Hook	264 in (6.72 m)
Utility Seat #2	269 in (6.83 m)
Utility Seat #3	295 in (7.50 m)
Utility Seat #4	320 in (8.12 m)
Litter/Stokes Basket	345 (8.78 m)
Ramp	458 (11.63 m)

5.5 WEIGHT AND CG CALCULATION

Total weight is calculated by adding total weight of empty aircraft, fuel, passengers and baggage. Fuel weight can be calculated assuming 7 pounds per gallon of (Jet-A) fuel. The CG is obtained by dividing total moment by total weight. Moment at each station is obtained by multiplying the arm of that station by the weight at that station. Total moment is obtained by adding moment for each station and the moment for the empty aircraft.

6 Normal Procedures

6.1 General

This section describes the procedures necessary to safely and efficiently operate your aircraft. A basic understanding of helicopter flight techniques is assumed. Some of the items on the checklist are intended to be performed by the flight engineer. These items are marked with an (F).

6.2 Preflight Procedures

6.2.1 Exterior Checks - Right Side

1. Covers – REMOVED
2. Engine compartment (right)
1. #2 Engine – CHECK
2. Oil Level - CHECK
3. Main Rotor Blades – CHECK
4. Landing Gear – CHECK
5. Check #2 fuel filter drain – VERIFY CLEAR
6. Right transmission compartment
1. Air Bottle– 3000 psi min.
2. APU Accumulator – 3000 psi min.
3. Primary Hyd. Pump – CHECK
4. Auxiliary Hyd. Pump – CHECK
5. Utility Hyd. Pump – CHECK
6. Utility Hyd. Reservoir – CHECK LEVEL
7. #2 Fire Extinguisher – 1000 psi min.

6.2.2 Exterior Checks - Tail

1. Intermediate Gearbox
1. Check Condition
2. Check Fluid Level
3. Check Cover Secure
2. Tail Rotor Gearbox
1. Check Condition
2. Check Fluid Level
3. Check Cover Secure
3. Tail Rotor Blades – CHECK

6.2.3 Exterior Checks - Left Side

1. APU Compartment
1. APU - CHECK
2. APU Oil Level – CHECK
3. APU Fire Extinguisher – 1000 psi min.
2. Left Transmission Compartment
1. Main transmission - CHECK
2. Transmission fluid level– CHECK
3. #1 Generator – CHECK
4. #2 Generator – CHECK
5. Primary Hyd. Reservoir – CHECK LEVEL
6. Auxiliary Hyd. Reservoir – CHECK LEVEL
7. #1 Fire Extinguisher – 1000 psi min.
3. Left Engine Compartment
1. #1 Engine – CHECK
2. Oil Level – CHECK
4. Check #1 fuel filter drain – VERIFY CLEAR
5. Check all 6 fuel sumps – VERIFY CLEAR

6.2.4 Exterior Checks - Nose

1. Battery - CHECK

6.2.5 Interior Checks - Main Cabin

1. ELT - ARMED
2. Bilge Pump
1. Deploy
2. Pump to check for water
3. Stow
3. Emergency Ramp Release – CHECK UP
4. Emergency Lights – CHECK

6.3 Start Procedures

6.3.1 Before Starting Engines

1. Overhead switch panel - CHECKED
1. Position light dim switch - AS REQUIRED
2. Position light switch - AS REQUIRED
3. AFT anti-collision - AS REQUIRED
4. FWD anti-collision - AS REQUIRED
5. Fuselage lighting - AS REQUIRED
6. Anchor lights - AS REQUIRED
7. Search light - AS REQUIRED
8. Windshield anti-ice - AS REQUIRED
9. Engine anti-ice switches - OFF
10. Cabin healer vent switch - AS REQUIRED
11. Cabin healer switch - AS REQUIRED
12. Pitot heat switch - AS REQUIRED
13. Windshield wiper switch - OFF
14. Lower console red lights - AS REQUIRED
15. Landing light switch - AS REQUIRED
16. Emergency exit lights switch - ARM
17. Console light rheostats - AS REQUIRED
18. Nose gear switch - AS REQUIRED
19. Hoist master – OFF
20. Channel monitor - OFF
21. Cargo hook switch - SAFE
22. Stick trim master switch - ON
23. Monitor switch - OFF
24. Converter switches - ON
25. External power switch - OFF (ON if external power is being used)
    Note: With external power on an energized, the external power advisory light will illuminate and all AC and DC busses will be energized
26. Battery switch - ON
27. Generator switches - ON
28. Start mode switch - NORMAL
29. Fire emergency shut off selector handles IN.
30. Engine fire extinguisher switch - OFF
31. Hoist cable shear switch – OFF
32. Ignition switches – NORM
2. Engine controls – CHECKED
1. Speed selectors - Check freedom of movement, full range and closed.
2. Emergency fuel control levers - Check close position stops, freedom of movement, full range, and closed
3. APU fire detection – TEST
Hold the fire warning test switch In the No. 2 ENGINE and APU position. The fire warning light on the APU control panel should illuminate.
4. Ramp master switch – OFF
5. APU – START
1. APU fire extinguisher switch – OFF
2. APU fuel shutoff switch – NORM
3. APU function switch - RUN
1. Exhaust temperature caution light ON.
2. Low oil pressure caution light - ON.
4. APU function switch – hold in START
1. At 30% speed – APU light on
2. At 45% speed – RELEASE function switch
3. At 75% speed – Clutch engagement
6. Caution-advisory panel – CHECKED
1. Verify the following lights OFF: #1 GEN, #2 GEN, #1 CONV, #2 CONV, PRI HYD PRESS, AUX HYD PRESS, XMSN CHIP MAIN, XMSN OIL PRESS.
If any of these lights are on, shut down APU and investigate cause. If external power used, direct disconnect now and verify EXT PWR goes out.
2. Caution-advisory lights – TEST
3. Advisory light brightness – AS DESIRED
7. Hydraulic/transmission gauges – CHECKED
8. AFCS Channel Monitor – AS FOLLOWS
1. METER selector – ASE
2. Vertical gyro – PORT
3. Hardover switches – CENTERED
4. Channel switches - ON
9. Parking brake – SET
10. Nose wheel lock – AS REQUIRED
11. Alternate gear handle – IN
12. Center console – CHECKED
1. COM and NAV radius – AS DESIRED
2. Ramp – AS DESIRED
3. Ramp caution lights - CHECKED
13. Landing gear panel – CHECKED
1. Gear handle – DOWN
2. Gear warning light – TEST
3. Gear position lights – CHECKED
14. Fuel Management Panel – CHECKED
1. Fuel quantity gauges - CHECK AND TEST
2. Boost pumps – TEST AS FOLLOWS
   1. #1 FWD boost - ON then OFF
   Verify FAIL light flickers ON then goes off when turning the pump ON.
   2. Repeat for all other boost pumps
3. Crossfeed– TEST AS FOLLOWS
1. Fuel shut off valve switches - OPEN
2. #1 FWD boost - ON
3. Verify - #1 LOW PR out, #2 LOW PR lit
4. Crossfeed – ON
5. Verify – both LOW PR lights out
6. #1 FWD boost - OFF
7. #1 AFT boost - ON
8. Verify – both LOW PR lights out
9. Crossfeed – OFF
10. Verify - #1 LOW PR lit, #2 LOW PR out
11. #1 AFT boost - OFF
4. Crossfeed and Transfer - AS DESIRED
5. All boost pumps - OFF
6. Fuel shut off valve switches - OPEN
15. Engine fire detection - TEST
1. Fire Warn Test - #1 (verify master fire and #1 engine T-handle warning lights lit)
2. Repeat for #2 engine
3. Fire Warn Test - OFF
16. Rotor brake – ON
17. Flight controls – CHECKED
1. Servo switch (on collective) – BOTH
2. Verify – PRI and AUX HYD PRESS off
3. Cyclic/Pedals – CHECK FREE MOVEMENT
4. Collective – CHECK FREE MOVEMENT (low RPM warning horn should sound)
5. Servo switch (on collective) – PRI OFF
6. Verify – PRI HYD PRESS lit
7. Controls – CHECK FREE MOVEMENT
8. Servo switch (on collective) – AUX OFF
9. Verify – AUX HYD PRESS lit
10. Controls – CHECK FREE MOVEMENT
11. Servo switch (on collective) – BOTH
18. Doppler – ON
19. AFCS Power – ON

6.3.2 Engine Start

CAUTION: For engine starting with inoperative APU, refer to START WITH APU INOPERATIVE in EMERGENCY PROCEDURES section.

1. Fireguard – POSTED
2. Start Mode - NORMAL
3. No.1 Engine – START
1. Speed Selector – Verify OFF
2. Emergency Fuel Control – Verify CLOSED
3. Magnetic Compass – Note Heading
4. Starter switch – START
5. N1 – Wait until above 19%
6. Speed Selector – GRD IDLE
7. Verify – N1 at 56%, oil temp/press in green
8. Verify – Starter motor shutdown (Magnetic compass returns to original heading)
9. Boost pump – ON (#1 or #2)
4. No.2 Engine – START
1. Repeat Eng. 1 procedures
5. Area Clear – CHECK
6. Rotor – ENGAGE
1. No. 2 speed selector – Advance by 5%
2. Rotor Brake – RELEASE
3. No. 2 speed selector – Advance to 98%
7. Cyclic response – CHECK
8. APU – OFF
9. Engine/Transmission Gages – CHECKED
10. Speed Selectors – MATCH at 103%

8 Servicing

8.1 General

This section describes the servicing model for your S61R. Servicing included normal servicing such as topping off of fluids, and refueling the aircraft, and

11 Maintenance and Diagnostics

11.1 General

The S61R has 30 replaceable components. Four of these components (air bottle, and three fire extinguisher bottles) are replaced on use, while the remaining 26 have individually tracked lifetimes. Component lifetimes are tracked as a function of the HOBBS time of the helicopter. As a component ages, its failure rate will increase, increasing rapidly once its lifetime has expired. It is recommended that components be replaced at their individual lifetimes. In addition to the age of a component, excess wear is also tracked. Any mishandling of the aircraft (exceeding limits, etc) will result in wear accumulation by the affected component. Wear is not directly viewable but will affect the failure rate of the component, causing it to fail earlier than it might otherwise have failed.

Component times, wear and failure status are all synced with the Shergood servers. Whenever a new copy is rezed, the rezed helicopter will sync its component status with the server. Component times are synced by tail number, so if you have multiple tail numbers registered, each one will have its own set of component times.

11.2 Component Failure Rates

Figure 8: Hazard rate function for component with 20 hour lifetime.

Failures in the S61R are individually calculated for each component based on the age and wear of the component according to a "hazard rate function". The hazard rate function shows the instantaneous failures/hour of a component as a function of the age of the component (with wear being treated as additional age). Figure 7 shows an example base hazard rate function for a component with a 20 hour lifetime. As you can see, the initial hazard rate is very small (but non-zero), and increases rapidly past the 20 hour lifetime of that component. This results in the possibility for components that fail early, a higher failure possibility as the component ages, and a very high chance of failure if components are not replaced at the end of their lifetime.

The base hazard rate is modified by the following factors:

• Failure Mode - A Failure mode multiplier of Low (0.25), Medium (1.0), and High (10.0) is applied to the based hazard rate for the component.
• Fluid Levels - When operating at fluid (oil or hydraulic fluid) levels below 50%, the hazard rate for that component is increased (as well as causing wear).
• Misuse - When a component is misused (e.g., exceeding max rpm or torque) the hazard rate is increased while the condition is in effect. In addition, wear is added to the component.

11.3 Failure/Fragile Mode

The handling of failures and crash damage is handled by the "Failures" and "Fragile" options in the "@Option" menu. When "Fragile" is on, crashes are detected and can cause damage to the helicopter. When "Fragile" is off, an information message is issued, but the crash is otherwise ignored. The "Failures" option has the effects shown in the following table:

Mode	Description
None (N)	No Failures, and no accumulation of wear. Component times will accumulate normally, but will have no effect.
Passive (P)	Only direct causes will damage components and no accumulation of wear. Crash damage and progression of existing damage (i.e., transmission chip will progress to transmission failure) in effect.
Low (L)	Crash damage, random failures, accumulation of wear in effect. Failure rate at 25% of normal rate.
Medium (M)	Crash damage, random failures, accumulation of wear in effect. Normal failure rates.
High (H)	Crash damage, random failures, accumulation of wear in effect. Failure rate at 10 times normal rate.

11.4 Replaceable Components

The following table lists all of the repairable components, the nominal lifetime of each component in hours, symptoms of a component failure, and causes of excess wear on the component.

Description	Lifetime	Failure Symptoms	Wear Causes
#1 Engine	100	Zero Torque and RPM Fire Indication Warning Symptoms: #1 ENG OIL QTY LOW light	Low Fluids High Torque High N2 Faulty fuel filter
#2 Engine	100	Zero Torque and RPM Fire Indication Warning Symptoms: #2 ENG OIL QTY LOW light	Low Fluids High Torque High N2 Faulty fuel filter
Auxiliary Power Unit	100	Failure to reach 100% RPM	Low Fluids
Main Rotor Blades	200	Rotor blade fails to turn	Hard Landing Collective /w Low RPM
Tail Rotor Blades	200	T/R blade fails to turn	Hard Landing
Main Transmission	150	M/R blade fails to turn Warning Symptoms: XMSN CHIP MAIN light XMSN OIL HOT XMSN OIL PRESS	Low Fluids Excessive Rotor RPM
Tail Transmission	150	T/R fails to turn Warning Symptoms: XMSN CHIP TAIL light	Low Fluids Excessive Rotor RPM
Intermediate Transmission	150	T/R fails to turn Warning Symptoms: XMSN CHIP TAIL light	Low Fluids Excessive Rotor RPM
#1 Generator	20	#1 GEN light	n/a
#2 Generator	20	#2 GEN light	n/a
#1 Eng. Fuel Filter	20	FWD FUEL BY PASS light	n/a
#2 Eng. Fuel Filter	20	AFT FUEL BY PASS light	n/a
#1 Eng. Fire Extinguisher	On Use	PSI on bottle is low Bottle fails to activate	Use of bottle
#2 Eng. Fire Extinguisher	On Use	PSI on bottle is low Bottle fails to activate	Use of bottle
APU Fire Extinguisher	On Use	PSI on bottle is low Bottle fails to activate	Use of bottle
Air Bottle	On Use	PSI on bottle is low Gear fails to go down when ALT GEAR DOWN handle is pulled.	n/a
Primary Hydraulic	20	PRI HYD PRESS light Low pressure indication on gauge Sluggish controls	Operating with low fluids
Auxiliary Hydraulic	20	PRI HYD PRESS light Low pressure indication on gauge Sluggish controls	Operating with low fluids
Utility Hydraulic	20	Low pressure indication on gauge Hoist/Ramp fail to function	Operating with low fluids
#1 Eng. Fuel Pump	30	Engine fails to run without boost pumps	Use of improper fuel type
#2 Eng. Fuel Pump	30	Engine fails to run without boost pumps	Use of improper fuel type
#1 Forward Boost Pump	30	Light does not flicker when turned on	n/a
#2 Forward Boost Pump	30	Light does not flicker when turned on	n/a
#1 Aft Boost Pump	30	Light does not flicker when turned on	n/a
#2 Aft Boost Pump	30	Light does not flicker when turned on	n/a
Battery	50	Fails to charge	Letting battery drain completely, or near completely
Landing Gear	100	Landing gear does not go up or down Gear indicator lights not all green when gear down	Hard landing
Wiring Harness (AC & DC)	400	DC Bus Failure Failure of displays AC Bus Failure Fuel gauges read zero	n/a
#1 Eng. Fuel Controller	75	Engine RPM does not remain stable	Use of improper fuel Faulty Fuel Filter
#2 Eng. Fuel Controller	75	Engine RPM does not remain stable	Use of improper fuel Faulty Fuel Filter

11.5 Inspecting Components

Most components can be inspected by clicking on them. When you click on such a component, a message indicating the general condition of that component will be displayed. The messages reflect both component age and wear. Besides a "damaged" message, the following status messages can be displayed based on the effective percent of lifetime of the component:

Message	%Lifetime
The X appears to be in good condition.	<50%
The X appears to be serviceable	50%-75%
The X appears to be well used	75%-85%
The X appears to be well worn	85%-95%
The X appears to be on its last legs	95%-100%
The X appears to have seen better days	100%-150%
The X appears to as if it might break by looking at it wrong	>150%

11.6 Maintenance Table

Figure 9: S61 Maintenance Workbench

The S61R comes with a maintenance workbench (see Figure 9) that can be used to monitor component times and replace components. Smaller components are laying on or under the table, while larger components are on palates or boxes near the bench. A logbook on the bench shows which aircraft is being worked on, and a laptop shows the time data for all helicopter components. Clicking on a component while the workbench is not connected to a helicopter will bring up a message indicating what it is. For example, clicking on the battery will display the message:

[20:06:59] SA - S61-workbench - v1.0: You inspect the battery.  It appears to be suitable as a replacement part.

It is suggested that you familiarize yourself with all the components on the workbench by clicking on them. Clicking on any location other than a component will bring up the menu with the following options:

Button	Description
CONNECT	Connect to a helicopter within 20m.
Public( )	Sets the workbench to public use if selected. Otherwise only the owner can use the workbench.

11.6.1 Connecting to a Helicopter

Pressing CONNNECT from the workbench menu will scan for nearby helicopters and give you a list by tail number. Select the tail number of the helicopter you want to work on. The selected tail number will be shown on the aircraft logbook sitting on the bench as well as on the laptop screen.

11.6.2 Access Control

Selecting "Public" grants access for anyone to use a workbench, but access to a helicopter is not automatically granted. In order to use a workbench, both the owner of the workbench, and the user of the workbench must have pilot privileges on the helicopter. Pilot privileges means you are either owner of the helicopter, or you have been added to the helicopter as a pilot by name.

11.6.3 Maintenance Laptop

Figure 10: S61 Maintenance Laptop

Once connected to a helicopter, the maintenance laptop (see Figure 10) will show the current times on all components. The laptop is implemented with prim media, so be sure you have media enabled and click on the laptop screen to see it. The header area at the top will show information about the connected helicopter including its make/mode, tail number, current HOBBS time and serial number. The rows will show the following:

• Component - The name of the component.
• Service Time - The lifetime (in hours) of the component when new.
• Installed Date - The date on which the component was installed.
• Installed HOBBS - The HOBBS time at which the component was installed.
• Time Remaining - The time remaining (in hours) before the component should be replaced. A negative value indicates replacement is past due.

Note that the list of items is scrollable. A scrollbar on the right can slide the component list up or down.

11.6.4 Replacing Components

Before you replace a component, the appropriate access panels must be open. For example, to replace the #2 engine, you must open the panel for the #2 engine. Components are replaced by clicking on the component on the workbench. If only one type of that component is used in the helicopter, a menu asking you to confirm the installation will be posted. Click "Yes" to install the component. If the appropriate access door is not open, you will get a message such as:

[20:27:17] SA - S61-workbench - v1.0: You cannot access that without opening the required access doors.

Otherwise, the component will be replaced, and the component time data updated on the laptop. For component types that are used in multiple places, you will be shown a menu asking where that component should be installed. Select the location to replace the component.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Replacement parts are shipped without fluids. Be sure to add fluid to the component before first use, or you will be replacing it again very soon.

11.6.5 Online Access to Component Table

The component times can also be viewed online via the Shergood web site. You can access the component times of your aircraft by navigating to your Shergood profile page, selecting the "My Aircraft" tab, clicking on the link for the tail number of your aircraft, then selecting the "Components" tab on the aircraft profile page. You can only view component time information for aircraft you own. Alternatively, you can navigate directly to the aircraft profile page with a link of the form:

https://www.shergoodaviation.com/aircraft-status.php?n=XXXXXX

where XXXXXX is replaced with your tail number.

12 SL Features

12.1 HUDS

The S61R comes with three HUDS: a main HUD, a winch HUD and a preflight HUD. These are described in the following sections.

12.2 Seating Access Control

For the purpose of access control, there are three classes of seats: pilot, crew and passenger. Each class can be set to "R" to show it is in restricted mode or "G" for guest mode. When a seat class is in guest mode, anyone can use that seat. When A seat class is in "R" mode, only the owner, or those explicitly granted access can use the the seat. The access controls are found in the @Admin menu which is accessible only by the owner.

12.2.1 Seat Classes

Seats included in each seat class are described in the following table:

Seat Class	Description
Pilot	Pilot and Co-Pilot Seats
Crew	RDF Operator and Winch Operator Positions
Passenger	All other seats

12.2.2 Pilot Access List

Access to the helicopter can also be granted through a named-pilot access list via the @Admin menu. Pilots on this list have full access to the helicopter, except for the @Admin menu. They can pilot and/or service the helicopter. The following buttons in the @Admin menu are used to manage the access list:

• Add - Adds a new pilot to the list. The pilot should be standing within 10m of the aircraft to be added.
• Remove - Removes a pilot from the access list.
• List - Lists all pilots who are currently on the access list.

12.3 Menus

Menus are only available to the owner and registered or guest pilots of the aircraft. In general button options beginning with an "@" are sub-menus, and options beginning with "( )" or "(*)" are options that can be toggled.

12.3.1 Main Menu

The buttons on the main menu are:

Button	Description
Park/Unpark	Make the aircraft non-physical/physical. Normally this occurs automatically when you sit in the aircraft, but this option can be used to control this manually.
Eject	Select an occupant to eject
Safe Unsit	Slide avatar outside aircraft before unseating them. Useful when aircraft is physical.
@Options	Control various flight option settings.
@Get	Get various things include HUD and manual/help notecards
HUD Connect	Reestablish connectivity between helicopter and HUD if it becomes disconnected, or if you wear HUD while already seated.
@Admin	Access owner-only options
@Cheat	Displays the "Cheat" menu with options to bypass various procedures. See "CHEATS" below for more details.
@Realism	Enable or disable "realism" features of the aircraft flight characteristics.
@REGISTER	Access the aircraft registration menu. This button will only appear on the main menu if an N number had not yet been assigned. (aircraft must be parked/non-physical)

12.3.2 ADMIN MENU

The admin menu contains options only available to the aircraft owner. Buttons/Options are:

Button	Description
Recal. W&B	If you make any changes to the linkset, you should use this option to recalibrate the weight & balance for the scripts.
(?) Pilot	Set pilot seat to guest (G) or restricted (M)
(?) Crew	Set copilot seat to guest (G) or restricted (M)
(?) Passenger	Set passenger seats to guest (G) or restricted (M)
Add Crew	Add an authorized crew member. A maximum of 12 crew members can be registered. The crew member to be added should stand within 10m of aircraft to be recognized by the system.
Remove Crew	Remove a crew member from the authorized crew member list.
List Crew	List the authorized crew members.
@REGISTER	Assign or changer your aircraft's registration. See "N-NUMBER ASSIGNMENT" in Section 1 for more details. (aircraft must be parked/non-physical)
@Paint	Change the color/markings of your aircraft. See "PAINTKIT SYSTEM" below for more details. (aircraft must be parked/non-physical)

12.3.3 PAINTKIT SYSTEM

The paintkit system allows you to change the appearance of your helicopter. It is accessed through the @Paint sub-menu found on the @Admin menu. On this menu there are several built-in colors, and a "Custom" button to load a paint set from a separate "paintkit" prim. For custom designs you can either use a paintkit from a 3rd party vendor, or load your own texture set into the paint kit that came with your helicopter. To apply a paintkit, simply rez the paintkit near your helicopter and select "*Custom" from the @Paint menu. The helicopter will search for nearby paintkits and allow you to choose which you want to apply. Instructions on how to create your own custom paintkits can be found in the paintkit object.

12.3.4 OPTIONS MENU

The options menu is accessed from the @Options button on the main menu and is available to any registered pilot.

Button	Description
(?) Chat	If enabled, information chat messages will be disaplayed. If disabled, all informational chat messages will be suppressed.
(?) Controls	Select a control scheme. Control schemes are discussed in the CONTROLS section near the beginning of this document.
(?) Fast Fluids	Causes engine oil, transmission and hydraulic fluids to be used at 100 times normal rate.
(?) Failures	Enabled/disable the random failure system.
(?) Fragile	If enabled, a crash will cause helicopter to burst into flames and become non-responsive. Resets after a set time (or until ELT is turned off).
(?) Copilot	Enable or disabled copilot controls
(?) Int-Menu	Disables access to menu from clicks on the internal surface of the window.
(?) Alerts	If enabled, alert messages about collisions or other unsafe conditions will be given. If disabled, no alert messages will be issued.
(?) Dust	If enabled, dust effects are produced when the aircraft is near the ground, water, or over a prim.

12.3.5 CHEATS MENU

The cheats menu accessed from the @Cheat button on the main menu allows you to access functions to bypass several of the normal procedures.

Button	Description
Charge Bat.	Charge the battery to full.
Fill Fluids	Sets all non-fuel fluids to full.
Fast Start/Stop	Use this button to start or stop your helicopter without going through the full procedure. You will still need to wait for the rotors to come to full speed when using Fast Start.
Repair	Repairs all accumulated damage and failures.
Replace All	Replaces all service time limited components.
Empty Bilge	Removes any water from the bilge spaces.
Ramp Up	Forces ramp to up position.
Ramp Down	Forces ramp to down position.
@Fuel	Accesses a sub-menu that lets you set the fuel level to a specific level.

12.3.6 REALISM MENU

The realism menu lets you enable or disable some of the RL helicopter flight characteristics. The features that can be enabled/disabled are:

Button	Description
Battery	If disabled, the battery will not run out.
Fluids	If disabled, fluids (oil, etc.) will not be consumed as helicopter runs.
Density	If enabled, density altitude will have an effect on aircraft performance. This comes in play when operating at high altitudes. At high altitudes hover height and climb rate will be reduced from their values at lower altitudes.
ETL	If enabled, additional lift/performance is gained when forward airspeed goes above about 20 knots due to the main rotors constantly moving into clean air. When disabled, the additional performance is always available.
Low RPM	When enabled, pulling excessive collective can result in decay of main rotor RPM.
Vortex	When enabled, the helicopter can be subject to "vortex ring state" also known as "settling with power". This can occur when the helicopter is in a vertical descent of more than 300 feet/min with a forward speed of less than 30 knots while collective is at more than 50%. When vortex ring state occurs, the helicopter will experience a loss of lift and begin descending rapidly, even if additional collective is pulled.
Translate	If enabled, the effects and compensation for translating tendency are disabled.

13 Appendices

13.1 SWITCH SUMMARY

This section describes the various switches in the S-61R and their functions (used with s, s1 and s0 commands for normal switches s0, s1, s2, etc. for rotary switches). Push buttons (marked with [b]), and rotary knobs (marked with [r]) are also shown here. Switches that are for RP purposes only and do not have an effect on the helicopter are marked [RP] in the description. For switches that have guards, the guard is addressed by appending a "-g" to the switch name (marked with [-g] after the name in the table below).

13.1.1 Switchs

Name	Description
ice1	#1 Engine anti ice
ice2	#2 Engine anti ice
windowice [ts]	Windshield anti ice
cabin	Cabin vent
heater [ts]	Cabin Heater
pitot	pitot heat
srchlt [ts]	Searchlight
hoverlt	Hover lights
anchorlt	Anchor Lights
fuslt	Fuselage Lights
fwdanticol	Forward Anti Collision Light
aftanticol	Forward Anti Collision Light
pos [ts]	Position Lights
posbrt	Position Lights Brightness
wash	Windshield Washer [RP Only]
loadlt	Loading Lights
exitlt [ts]	Emergency Exit Lights
rotorBrake	Rotor Brake
nosegr	Nose Gear Kneel
hoist [ts]	Hoist Master
cargo [ts]	Cargo Hook Arm
sttrim	Stick Trim Master
chmon	Channel Monitor
conv1	#1 Converter
conv2	#2 Converter
extpwr	External Power
batt	Battery Master
gen1	#1 Generator
gen2	#2 Generator
ign1	#1 Engine Ignition
ign2	#2 Engine Ignition
pshear[-g]	Pilots Hoist Shear
fire1[p]	#1 Engine Emergency Fuel Shutoff
fireext[ts]	Fire Extinguisher Selector
fire2[p]	#2 Engine Emergency Fuel Shutoff
strtmode	Engine Start Mode
start1	#1 Engine Starter
start2	#2 Engine Starter
fuel1	Forward Fuel Valve
xfeed	Fuel Crossfeed
fuel2	Aft Fuel Valve
lpump1	#1 Forward Boost Pump
lpump2	#2 Forward Boost Pump
rpump1	#1 Aft Boost Pump
rpump2	#2 Aft Boost Pump
trans2[ts]	Forward Aux Fuel Transfer
fuelTest[b]	Fuel Gauge Test
trans1	Aft Aux Fuel Transfer
dnLock[b]	Down Lock
gear	Landing Gear
gearLtTest[b]	Landing Gear Handle Light Test
alrtTest	Caution Panel Test
warnBrt	Caution Panel Brightness
bcnMode	Marker Beacon Mode
RAWS	Radar Altitude Warning System
fireTst[ts]	Fire Warning Test
nav1id[b]	Nav Radio 1 Ident
nav2id[b]	Nav Radio 2 Ident
spReset[b]	Search Pattern Start
uhfrange	UHF Range[RP Only]
uhfant	UHF Antenna[RP Only]
rampmstr	Ramp Master
fwdramp	Forward Ramp
aftramp	Aft Ramp
brake	Parking Brake
noselock	Nose Wheel Lock
doppwr	Doppler Radar Power
dopid[ts]	Doppler Increase/Decrease
dopside[ts]	Doppler Left/Right
dopls	Doppler Land/Sea
altgear	Emergency Gear Extension
dumpfwd	Forward Fuel Dump
dumpaft	Aft Fuel Dump
afcspwr	AFCS Power
servo[ts]	Hydraulic System Select
hoistMove	Pilot Hoist Control
apu[ts]	APU Start/Run
apucut	APU Fuel Cutoff
apuext	APU Fire Extinguisher
monpitch	Channel Monitor Pitch On/Off
monroll	Channel Monitor Roll On/Off
moncol	Channel Monitor Collective On/Off
monyaw	Channel Monitor Yaw On/Off
HOpitch[ts]	Hardover Pitch
HOroll[ts]	Hardover Roll
HOcoll[ts]	Hardover Collective
HOyaw[ts]	Hardover Yaw
vgyro	Vertical Gyro
cabinLts[ts]	Cabin Lights
rdf[ts]	RDF Mode
shear[-g]	Crew Hoist Shear
shearTest	Shear Test
cRampFwd[ts]	Crew Forward Ramp
cRampAft[ts]	Crew Aft Ramp
ELT[ts]	Emergency Locator Transmitter

13.1.2 Knobs

Name	Description
wiper	Windshield Wiper
lwrconredlts	Lower Console Red Lights
cpinstlts	Copilot Flight Instrument Lights
secinstlts	Secondary Instrument Lights
lwrconlts	Lower Console Lights
ovhdlts	Overhead Console Lights
nonfltlts	Non Flight Instrument Lights
pilotlts	Pilot Flight Instrument Lights
navControl	Nav Mode Selector
metersel	Meter Selector

13.2 CAUTION/ADVISORY PANEL LIGHTS

Name	Description
#1 CONV	#1 DC Converter Failed
#2 CONV	#2 DC Converter Failed
#1 GEN	#1 Generator Failed
#2 GEN	#2 Generator Failed
PRI-HUD PRESS	Primary hydraulic failure
AUX-HUD PRESS	Auxiliary hydraulic failure
#1 ENG OIL QTY LOW	Oil level in #1 engine low
#2 ENG OIL QTY LOW	Oil level in #2 engine low
FWD FUEL BY PASS	#1 engine fuel filter bypass valve open
FWD FUEL LOW	Forward fuel tank level low (#1 engine)
#1 INLET ANTI-ICE	Low temperature at #1 engine air inlet
#2 INLET ANTI-ICE	Low temperature at #2 engine air inlet
AFT FUEL BY PASS	#2 engine fuel filter bypass valve open
AFT FUEL LOW	Aft fuel tank level low (#2 engine)
XMSN CHIP MAIN	Chip detected in main transmission oil
XMSN OIL HOT	Main transmission oil temperature high
NOSE DOOR	Nose access door is open
CARGO DOOR	Cabin door is open
XMSN CHIP INTMED	Chip detected in intermediate gearbox oil
XMSN OIL PRESS	Main transmission oil pressure low
RAMP	Ramp is not fully closed
HEATER HOT	Overtemp condition in cabin heater
XMSN CHIP TAIL	Chip detected in tail rotor gearbox oil
ROTOR BRAKE	Rotor brake is engaged
RAWS OFF	Radar altitude warning system is off
IFF	IFF Transponder is not operating
LOWRPM	Main rotor RPM is low
BLAD PRESS	Main rotor blade pressure loss detected
EXT POWER	External power is being supplied to the aircraft
#1 ENG_IGV ANTI-ICE	#1 Engine inlet guide vain anti ice system is active
#2 ENG_IGV ANTI-ICE	#2 Engine inlet guide vain anti ice system is active
CARGO HOOK	Solid: External Cargo released manually Flashing: External cargo released automatically
PARKING BRAKE	Parking brake is set
APU	Auxiliary Power Unit is operating
KNEEL SW	Landing gear kneel activated

14 Painting Resources

Paint templates are available at:

• s61-paint-v1.6.xcf